Chapter 7 Flashcards
(29 cards)
moral development
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong
preconventional reasoning
the lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. at this level, morality is often focused on reward and punishment. the two stages in preconventional reasoning are punishment and obedience orientation (stage 1) and individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange (stage 2)
conventional reasoning
The second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg’s theory. individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others (external), such as parents or the laws of society. the conventional level consists of two stages: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity (stage 3) and social systems morality (stage 4)
postconventional reasoning
the third and highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. at this level, morality is more internal. the postconventional level consists of two stages: social contract or utility and individual rights (stage 5) and universal ethical principles (stage 6)
justice perspective
a moral perspective that
focuses on the rights of the individual - individuals make moral decisions independently
care perspective
the moral perspective of Carol
Gilligan, which views people in terms of their
connectedness with others and emphasizes
interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others
social cognitive theory of moral development
the theory that distinguishes between moral
competence (the ability to produce moral
behaviors) and moral performance (enacting those behaviors in specific situations
altruism
unselfish interest in helping another person
forgiveness
an aspect of prosocial behavior that
occurs when an injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation
gratitude
a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful
ego ideal
the component of the superego that involves ideal standards approved by parents
ego conscience
the component of the superego that involves behaviors disapproved of by parents
empathy
reaction to another’s feelings with an emotional response that is similar to the other’s feelings
moral identity
an aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives
moral exemplars
people who have lived exemplary lives
domain theory of moral development
theory that identifies different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional, and personal domains. these domains arise from
children’s and adolescents’ attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience
social conventional reasoning
thoughts about social consensus and convention, as opposed to moral reasoning that stresses ethical issues
love withdrawal
a discipline technique in which a parent withholds attention or love from the adolescent
power assertion
a discipline technique in which a parent attempts to gain control over the adolescent or the adolescent’s resources
induction
a discipline technique in which a parent uses reason and explains how the adolescent’s actions affect others
hidden curriculum
the pervasive moral atmosphere that characterizes every school
character education
a direct moral education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in
immoral behavior or doing harm to themselves or others
values clarification
an educational approach that focuses on helping people clarify what is important
to them, what is worth working for, and their
purpose in life - students are encouraged to define their own values and understand others’ values
cognitive moral education
an approach based on the belief that students should learn to value things like democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops; Kohlberg’s theory has been the basis for many of the cognitive moral education approaches
