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Texas Teachers of Tomorrow > Chapter 4- Development of English Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Development of English Language Flashcards

Domain I/Competency 003 (128 cards)

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1
Q

What major influences are required for a teacher to understand the development of the English language?

A

Historical, regional, and cultural influences

Emphasis on word origins, analysis, and choice.

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2
Q

What is the significance of grammar and usage in the context of English language instruction?

A

Essential for teaching students about Standard English

Review information is provided but not exhaustive.

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3
Q

What historical context is important for ELAR teachers when selecting literature?

A

Understanding the history of the English language

Contextualizes modern events and literature.

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4
Q

Which tribes are recognized as the invaders that initiated the history of the English language?

A

Angles, Saxons, and Jutes

They arrived in Britain during the 5th century AD.

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5
Q

What language did the inhabitants of Britain speak before the arrival of the Germanic tribes?

A

A Celtic language

Most Celtic speakers were pushed to Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

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6
Q

What is Old English and what time period does it encompass?

A

The earliest form of English spoken from 450 to 1100 AD

It is largely unintelligible to modern speakers.

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7
Q

What linguistic change occurred in England after the Norman Conquest in 1066?

A

Introduction of French as the language of the Royal Court

Created a class division in language usage.

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8
Q

What is Middle English and when was it spoken?

A

The form of English spoken from 1100 to 1500 AD

It incorporated many French words.

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9
Q

What significant linguistic event occurred at the end of Middle English?

A

The Great Vowel Shift

Changed vowel pronunciation significantly.

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10
Q

What characterized Late Modern English (1800-Present)?

A

Expansion of vocabulary due to the Industrial Revolution and British Empire

Included foreign words from various countries.

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11
Q

What led to the development of distinct varieties of English in North America?

A

English colonization from around 1600

Resulted in American English preserving older forms.

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12
Q

What is the study of word origins called?

A

Etymology

Derived from Greek, meaning ‘the true sense of the word.’

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13
Q

What are the common ways new words enter the English language?

A

Borrowing, clipping, compounding, blends, conversion, transfer of proper nouns, neologisms, imitation of sounds

Each method contributes to vocabulary expansion.

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14
Q

Define borrowing in the context of language.

A

Incorporating words from other languages

English has borrowed from over 300 languages.

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15
Q

What is clipping in linguistics?

A

Creating shortened forms of existing words

Examples include ‘exam’ from ‘examination.’

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16
Q

What is a blend in linguistics?

A

A word formed by merging sounds and meanings of two or more words

Examples include ‘moped’ and ‘brunch.’

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17
Q

What is a homonym?

A

Words spelled and pronounced alike but different in meaning

Example: ‘ad’ (advertisement) and ‘add’ (addition).

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18
Q

What is the difference between a synonym and an antonym?

A

Synonyms have similar meanings; antonyms have opposite meanings

Examples: ‘car’ and ‘automobile’ (synonyms); ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ (antonyms).

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19
Q

What is an idiom?

A

A set expression that means something different from the literal meanings of its words

Example: ‘barking up the wrong tree.’

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20
Q

What is figurative language?

A

Describing something by comparing it with something else

Important for enhancing writing and reading comprehension.

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21
Q

What does alliteration refer to in figurative language?

A

Repetition of initial consonant sounds in neighboring words

Example: ‘wild and woolly walrus.’

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22
Q

What is hyperbole?

A

Big exaggeration, usually with humor

Example: ‘mile-high ice-cream cones.’

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23
Q

What is the purpose of understanding purpose, audience, and register in writing?

A

To affect discourse effectively

Influences the style and content of writing.

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24
Q

What are the four primary purposes of writing?

A
  • Inform
  • Entertain
  • Persuade
  • Describe

Each purpose shapes the writing approach.

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25
What is the significance of grade level in reading?
It indicates the level of difficulty in vocabulary and texts that helps students progress from lower to higher grades. ## Footnote For example, moving from 7th grade knowledge to applying it in 11th or 12th grade.
26
What are the four main purposes of writing?
* Inform * Entertain * Explain or express the self * Persuade ## Footnote Each purpose requires different strategies for effective communication.
27
Define 'audience' in the context of writing.
The intended readers for a piece of writing or the listeners at a speech or performance. ## Footnote Young students often misinterpret the audience as being only their teacher.
28
What is 'register' in language use?
Register indicates degrees of formality in language use, often referred to as tone. ## Footnote Different registers are also called codes.
29
What characterizes formal English?
Utilizes precise vocabulary, structured syntax, and avoids slang or colloquial language. ## Footnote Commonly used in essays, research papers, and scholarly works.
30
What characterizes informal English?
Includes relaxed standards, contractions, colloquial expressions, and slang. ## Footnote Used in oral conversations and informal writing.
31
What must a secondary English teacher understand regarding grammar?
The rules of grammar, usage, sentence structure, punctuation, and capitalization in Standard English. ## Footnote Teachers must also edit non-standard usage in student writing.
32
How has the concept of teaching grammar evolved?
From direct teaching of grammar lessons to embedding grammar skills into proofreading during writing instruction. ## Footnote This evolution reflects changes in educational philosophies.
33
What are grammar and usage questions used for?
They are included in STAAR tests and EOC tests in English I and English II. ## Footnote Many students struggle with these due to a lack of understanding of Standard English.
34
What is the debate regarding teaching grammar?
Between prescriptive (traditional) grammar and descriptive (transformational) grammar approaches. ## Footnote Prescriptive grammar focuses on rigid rules, while descriptive grammar reflects actual usage.
35
What should grammar instruction reflect?
Current pedagogical approaches and the needs of students, combining both prescriptive and descriptive practices. ## Footnote This ensures relevance and effectiveness in teaching grammar.
36
What is the first step in effective grammar instruction planning?
Identify the standards dictated by the district or school curricula. ## Footnote This may include proofreading/editing skills listed under writing standards.
37
How should student knowledge be assessed?
Through assessments that reveal true understanding of grammatical concepts, not just surface recognition. ## Footnote For example, knowing a sentence fragment is incorrect but understanding why and how to correct it.
38
What is the goal of effective grammar instruction?
To weave grammar into reading and writing that serve as the backbone of the English curriculum.
39
What are 'the daily two' in grammar instruction?
Two sentences written on the board each day that demonstrate correct and incorrect applications of grammar concepts.
40
What routine should students follow with 'the daily two' sentences?
Students should rewrite the sentences in a notebook, making necessary grammatical corrections.
41
What should be done during the review of 'the daily two' sentences on Monday?
Present succinct, immediately applicable grammar instruction.
42
In the Weekly Five approach, what is expected from students?
Students should apply grammatical concepts in their own writing.
43
What is a fragment?
A sentence that is not complete and therefore not grammatically correct.
44
What are the three main causes of fragments?
* A missing subject * A missing verb * 'Danger' words that are not finished
45
What is a run-on sentence?
A sentence that contains two or more complete sentences without proper punctuation.
46
What is subject-verb agreement?
The requirement that the subject and verb must both be singular or plural.
47
What is pronoun-reference agreement?
The requirement that all pronouns agree with one another in singular or plural tense.
48
What is parallel structure in a sentence?
The extent to which different parts of the sentence match each other in form.
49
What are the five parts of a complete sentence?
* Capital letter * Subject * Predicate * Complete thought * Terminal punctuation
50
What is the basic rule of subject-verb agreement?
A singular subject takes a singular verb, whereas a plural subject takes a plural verb.
51
What is a declarative sentence?
A sentence that states a fact or an idea.
52
What is an interrogative sentence?
A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark.
53
What is an imperative sentence?
A sentence that issues a command or makes a request.
54
What is an exclamatory sentence?
A sentence that expresses a strong emotion.
55
What is a simple sentence?
A sentence made up of a single independent clause.
56
What is a compound sentence?
A sentence made up of two independent clauses connected by a conjunction.
57
What is a complex sentence?
A sentence made up of one or more dependent clauses connected to an independent clause.
58
What is a compound-complex sentence?
A sentence made up of multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
59
What is a noun?
A word that names a person, place, or thing.
60
What is a pronoun?
A word that takes the place of a noun.
61
What is a verb?
A word that identifies an action or state of being.
62
What is an adjective?
A word that modifies a noun.
63
What is an adverb?
A word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
64
What is a preposition?
A word that shows a relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence.
65
What is a conjunction?
A word that joins words, phrases, and clauses.
66
What is an interjection?
A word that expresses emotion.
67
What is a clause?
A part of a sentence that contains its own subject and predicate.
68
What is an independent clause?
A clause that could function as its own sentence.
69
What is a dependent clause?
A clause that cannot function as its own sentence and relies on an independent clause.
70
What is a phrase?
A group of related words without a subject or predicate.
71
What is an appositive phrase?
A second, extra noun phrase that describes the real subject and can sometimes stand in place of the subject.
72
What is a modifier?
A word or phrase that modifies or adds information to other parts of a sentence.
73
What is a limiting modifier?
A word or phrase that limits the scope or degree of an idea.
74
What is a non-restricting modifier?
A modifier that adds information but is not necessary to the sentence.
75
What is a restricting modifier?
A modifier that restricts the meaning of what it modifies and is necessary to the idea of its sentence.
76
What does a singular subject require?
A singular verb ## Footnote Examples include is, goes, shines.
77
What must two singular subjects connected by or require?
A singular verb
78
In a sentence with and/or, the verb agrees with which noun or pronoun?
The noun or pronoun closest to it
79
True or False: The subject will always come before a phrase beginning with of.
True
80
When is it best to reword grammatically correct but awkward sentences?
When they contain subjects like 'I' among others
81
What is the general rule for using verbs with two or more subjects connected by and?
Use a plural verb
82
Provide an example of an exception when using a plural verb with 'and'.
Breaking and entering is against the law.
83
What should you ignore when determining the subject of a sentence?
Words such as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc.
84
With portions like a lot, a majority, or some, how do you determine the verb?
By the noun after of
85
In sentences starting with here or there, where is the true subject found?
After the verb
86
When should a singular verb be used with distances, periods of time, or sums of money?
When considered as a unit
87
Some collective nouns can take either a singular or a plural verb. Name two examples.
* Family * Audience
88
What replaces was in sentences that express a wish or are contrary to fact?
Were
89
True or False: The subjunctive mood is losing ground in spoken English.
True
90
List three capitalization rules.
* The first words of a sentence * The pronoun 'I' * Proper nouns
91
What should not be capitalized when used nonspecifically?
The word 'god'
92
When should you capitalize family relationships?
When used as proper names
93
What is the rule for capitalizing directions?
Capitalize when used as sections of the country, not as compass directions
94
Fill in the blank: The problems associated with bad spelling and grammar can seriously interfere with the reader's _______.
Understanding
95
What is the common spelling rule for 'i' and 'e'?
i before e except after c
96
What happens when adding an ending to a word that ends with y preceded by a consonant?
Change y to i
97
What spelling rule applies when adding an ending to a word that ends in a consonant?
Double the final consonant if the last syllable is accented
98
What is the rule for forming plurals with 's' or 'es'?
Use s for regular nouns, es for nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh
99
Name two commonly confused homophones.
* Their, there, they're * Its, it's
100
What is the rule for apostrophes showing possession with singular nouns?
Add an apostrophe plus the letter s
101
How do you show plural possession for regular nouns?
Put an apostrophe after the s
102
What should you never use an apostrophe for?
To make a name plural
103
When should you use commas?
To separate independent clauses, after introductory elements, and in lists
104
What punctuation marks can be used at the end of a sentence?
* Period * Exclamation mark * Question mark
105
What do parentheses enclose?
Information that clarifies or is an aside
106
What must be done with quotation marks in direct quotations?
Come in pairs
107
When should the first letter of a direct quote be capitalized?
When the quoted material is a complete sentence
108
What are direct quotations?
Incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.
109
What is the rule for quotation marks in direct quotations?
Quotation marks come in pairs.
110
When should the first letter of a direct quote be capitalized?
When the quoted material is a complete sentence.
111
Should you capitalize a fragment in a direct quote?
No, do not use a capital letter.
112
What should you do if a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence?
Do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.
113
How should quotations be used for effectiveness?
Use them sparingly and keep them relatively short.
114
What are indirect quotations?
Rephrasing or summaries of another person's words without quotation marks.
115
When should you use direct quotations?
When the source material uses language that is particularly striking or notable.
116
When should a semicolon be used?
To join 2 independent clauses when the second restates the first or both are of equal emphasis.
117
Give an example of using a semicolon with independent clauses.
Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.
118
When should a semicolon be used with conjunctive adverbs?
To join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb.
119
Provide an example of a semicolon joining clauses with a conjunctive adverb.
Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.
120
How do you use a semicolon in a series with commas?
To join elements of a series when individual items already include commas.
121
List recent sites of the Olympic Games using semicolons.
* Athens, Greece * Salt Lake City, Utah * Sydney, Australia * Nagano, Japan
122
What should teachers in Texas demonstrate knowledge of regarding the English language?
Major historical, regional, cultural influences on the ongoing development of the English language.
123
What must a secondary ELAR teacher know regarding grammar?
Rules of grammar, usage, punctuation, sentence structure, and capitalization.
124
What type of questions may be asked on the TExES regarding grammar?
Identify the error in punctuation or usage.
125
What does understanding the origin of root words demonstrate?
Higher order thinking skills.
126
What types of figurative language should one be able to identify?
* Alliteration * Hyperbole * Idiom * Simile * Metaphor
127
What may a TExES question ask about an excerpt from text?
Identify an author’s purpose and audience.
128
How are grammar and usage questions presented on the test?
Not in isolation but as part of questions covering a wide range of contexts.

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