Chapter 4: Vascular Anatomy Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery that continues into the capillary network
A
arteriole
2
Q
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
A
artery
3
Q
a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs
A
capillary
4
Q
A vessel, adjacent or parallel to another vessel, which can enlarge to and in carrying blood flow around a blockage.
A
collateral
5
Q
a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart
A
vein
6
Q
a small vein that is continuous with a capillary
A
venule
7
Q
carry blood rich in nutrients and oxygen from heart out to various organs and tissue beds
A
arteries
8
Q
return deoxygenated blood with waste materials back toward the heart
A
veins
9
Q
3 layers of walls of a vessel
A
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
10
Q
inner most layer of vessel wall; consists of endothelial lining with connect tissue components beneath it; layer is in contact with the blood
A
tunica intima
11
Q
middle layer within a vessel; strong muscular layer; thickest component of an arterial wall; composed mainly of smooth muscle cells circularly arranged around the vessel; varying amounts of elastic fibers and collagen present
A
tunica media
12
Q
outermost layer of blood vessel; in contact with tissue surrounding vessel; composed of collagen. nerve fibers, and small blood vessels
A
tunica adventitia
13
Q
small blood vessels in walls of large arteries and veins
A
vasa vasorum
14
Q
about 100 microns or less in diameter; known as the “stopcocks”
A
arterioles
15
Q
principle point of resistance to blood flow within vascular system
A
arterioles
16
Q
average 4 mm diameter; includes all arteries excluding: brachiocephalic, aorta, left common carotid, left subclavian, common iliac
A
small and medium sized arteries
17
Q
blood vessel walls are thinner
A
veins
18
Q
smallest component of the venous system; measure 20 microns in diameter; walls mainly composed of connective tissues
A
venules
19
Q
range in diameter from 1 to 10 mm; include all the veins except portal vein, vena cavae, and main tributaries; have a thin media and thicker adventitia
A
small and medium sized veins
20
Q
A
21
Q
prevent retrograde movement of blood
A
valves
22
Q
formed by inward projections of intima
A
valves
23
Q
valve where two leaflets are shaped as semilunar cusps
A
bicuspid
24
Q
slightly enlarged space between wall of vein and valve
A
sinus
25
smallest vessel in the body
capillary
26
ideal for diffusion of products across capillaries; primary place in body where nutrient exchange occurs
capillary
27
Blood enters the capillary from the arterial side via:
arterioles
28
Blood leaves the capillary on the venous side via:
venules
29
principle arteries supplying head and neck
right and left CCAs
right and left ICAs
ECA
vertebral arteries
30
arises from aortic arch
left CCA
31
originates from the brachiocephalic artery
right CCA
32
bifurcates into ICA and ECA in midcervical region at superior border of thyroid cartilage or at about level of 4th cervical vertebrae
CCA
33
supply brain and eyes
right and left ICAs
34
3 main segments of the ICA
cervical, petrous, intracranial
35
begins at carotid bifurcation and extends to base of the skull, usually lie posterior and lateral to ECAs, have no extracranial branches
cervical segment
36
courses vertically and horizontally through petrous temporal bone
petrous
37
terminates into 4 branchs:
anterior cerebral
middle cerebral
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
intracranial
38
medial and anterior to ICAs, 8 major branches; supplies blood flow to face and neck
ECA
39
anterior branches of ECA
superior thyroid, lingual, facial,p
40
posterior branches of ECA
occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal
41
terminal branches of ECA
internal maxillary, superficial temporal
42
first branch of ECA
superficial thyroid
43
arise off upper posterior aspect of subclavian arteries and ascend neck
vertebral arteries
44
Which vertebral artery is usually dominant?
left
45
unique arrangement of branches of ICAs and vertebral arteries; provides a vital collateral network to maintain cerebral perfusion in event of disease
circle of Willis
46
courses through neck and returns blood from portions of the cranial cavity, face, and neck; flows into subclavian vein
external jugular
47
collects blood from brain and superficial parts of face and neck; courses along anterolateral edge of ICA and CCA; unites with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic veins
internal jugular
48
formed from numerous small tributaries of internal vertebral venous plexuses; join with small veins from muscles of neck and form a dense plexus around vertebral artery
vertebral veinsem
49
empties into brachiocephalic vein
vertebral vein
50
main supplier of blood traveling through front and dorsal nasal arteries feeding into opthalmic artery
ECA
51
most important collateral pathway
Circle of Willis
52
first and largest branch of aortic arch
brachiocephalic artery
53
second branch of aortic arch
left CCA
54
last branch of aortic arch
left subclavian artery
55
give rise to branches that supply brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder
subclavian arteries
56
usually slightly larger than radial artery
ulnar artery
57
major branches of ulnar artery
ulnar recurrent, interosseus, palmar and dorsal carpal branches, deep palmar and superficial palmar
58
passes along radial aspect of forearm to wrist and winds around lateral aspect of wrist to dorsum of wrist
radial artery
59
Branches of the radial artery
radial recurrent, muscular, palmar carpal, superficial palmar
60
collateral flow can enter distal subclavian artery via vertebral artery
brachiocephalic or subclavian artery occlusion
61
formed by the radial collateral artery and the radial recurrent artery reentering distal radial artery
lateral vascular arcade
62
formed by middle collarteral artery and the interosseus recurrent artery that reenter the anterior interosseus artery
posterior vascular arcade
63
radial part of venous network upper extremity drains into:
cephalic vein
64
ulnar part of venous network upper extremity drains into:
basilic vein
65
flow over palmar surface of wrist; help form medial antebrachial veins
palmar digital veins
66
superficial veins of the arm
cephalic
basilic
meial antebrachial vein
67
winds around radial border of forearm; continues along lateral border of biceps muscle; empties into axillary vein just below clavicle
cephalic vein
68
courses along ulnar aspect of forearm; continues proximally along medial border of biceps muscles; joins brachial vein to form the axillary vein
basilic
69
cephalic and basilic communicate with; courses forearm slightly toward ulnar side of arm; ends into either median cubital or basilic vein
medial antebrachial vein
70
begins at junction of brachial and basilic veins; becomes subclavian vein just past outer border of first rib at point of termination of cephalic vein; lies medial to axillary artery
axillary vein
71
formed at junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins at each side of base of neck
brachiocephalic veins
72
formed by junction of two brachiocephalic veins just behind right side of sternum
superior vena cava
73
continuation of aorta beyond aortic arch
descending thoracic aorta
74
branches of descending thoracic aorta
bronchial
esophageal
phrenic
intercostal
subcostal
75
begins at level or 12th thoracic vertebra as it passes through aortic hiatus of diaphragm
abdominal aorta
76
3 major branches off anterior aspect of abdominal aorta
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
77
first anterior branch off abdominal aorta
celiac artery
78
celiac artery gives rise to what branches?
hepatic
splenic
left gastic
79
second anterior branch off abdominal aorta
superior mesenteric artery
80
supplies most of small intestine and some of large intestine
superior mesenteric artery
81
last anterior branch of abdominal aorta
inferior mesenteric artery
82
supplies mainly the large intestine
inferior mesenteric artery
83
branch off lateral aspect of aorta 1=2 cm below SMA
renal arteries
84
The ____ renal artery is longer than the ____ renal artery.
right
left
85
arteries located below level of renal arteries
ovarian/testicular arteries
86
4 pairs; posterior off aorta
lumbar arteries
87
small posterior branch of aorta; arises just above bifurcation of iliac vessels
middle sacral artery
88
internal iliac arteries are also known as:
hypogastric arteries
89
supply pelvic organs
internal iliac arteries
90
The external iliac arteries before bifurcation at the inguinal ligament
common femoral arteries
91
carries fully oxygenated blood into the liver; typically supplies 30% of total blood flow into liver
hepatic artery
92
receives remaining 70% of blood flow; forms at confluence of splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to neck of pancreas and anterior to IVC
portal vein
93
drainage of the liver
hepatic veins (right, middle, left)
94
primary collateral pathway between CA and SMA
pancreaticoduodenal arcade
95
SMA and IMA linked via marginal artery of _____ and arc of _____.
Drummon
Riolan
96
continuation of external iliac artery below inguinal ligament
common femoral artery
97
divides into superficial femoral and profunda femoris
common femoral artery
98
also known as deep femoral artery
profunda femoris artery
99
continuation of superficial femoral artery
poplital artery
100
branches of poplital artery
sural
genicular
101
Terminal branches of popliteal artery
anterior tibial
posterior tibial
peroneal
102
passes through an opening in the interosseous membrane; proceeds distal in anterior compartment of leg; continues anterior to ankle joint and bcomes dorsalis pedis artery
anterior tibial artery
103
courses medially in posterior compartment of leg; continues posteriorly to medial malleolus; terminates into medial and lateral plantar arteries
posterior tibial artery
104
located deep within the leg; descends along medial aspect of fibula; terminates into branchs that communicate with posterior and anterior tibial arteries
peroneal artery
105
arteries of the foot
medial and lateral plantar
dorsalis pedis
106
joins into GSV just anterior to medial malleolus
dorsal venous arch of foot
107
longest vein in the body
GSV
108
ascends leg medially before terminates into CFV at saphenfemoral junction
GSV
109
begins as a continuation of the lateral segment of dorsal venous arch of foot; courses posteriorly up calf; terminates into popliteal vein at saphenopopliteal junction
small saphenous vein
110
communicates with GSV; found in 30% of people; known as vein of Giacomni
cranial extension of SSV
111
continues as medial and lateral plantar veins; unite to form tibial veins
deep plantar arch
112
joins posterior tibial veins to form tibio-peroneal trunk veins
peroneal veins
113
continuation of venae comitantes of dorsalis pedis artery; pass between tibia and fibula through upper part of interosseus membrane
anterior tibial veins
114
continuation of popliteal vein; accompanies superficial femoral artery to groin
femoral vein
115
courses along thigh along profunda femoriis artery; unite to form common femoral vein
profunda femoral
116
lies medial to common femoral artery
common femoral vein
117
continuation of CFV above inguinal ligament
external iliac veins
118
a small blood vessel with only endothelium and basement membrane through which exchange of nutrients and waste occurs
capillary
119
a small vein that is continuous with a capillary
venule
120
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
artery
121
a small artery with a muscular wall; a terminal artery, which continues into the capillary network
arteriole
122
A vessel, adjacent to or parallel to another vessel, that can enlarge to aid in carrying blood flow around a blockage
collateral
123
a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart
vein
124
At which level of the circulatory system does exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste, and nutrients occur?
capillaries
125
Which statement describes the exchange of nutriets and oxygen at the level of the capillaries?
a. carbon dioxide and waste reabsorption takes place in the venules
b. nutrient and oxygen exchange is simultaneous to carbon dioxide and waster exchange
c. Nutrients and oxygen exchange occurs at the venous side only
d. capillary permeability for nutrient and oxygen exchange is the same within all tissue beds
b
126
Which statement describes capillary permeability to large molecules?
a. it is the same in all tissues
b. it varies depending on the characteristics of the tissue bed
c. it only varies with tissue beds in the brain
d. It is selective only in the liver
b
127
Why can arterioles control resistance of the vascular bed?
They have concentric layers of smooth muscle cells
128
Which of the following is not an example of a large elastic artery?
a. the common carotid arteries
b. the superficial femoral arteries
c. the common iliac arteries
d. the aorta
b
129
What is the main difference between arteries and veins of similar size in regard to the composition of their walls?
veins have thinner walls overall with less muscle
130
Which of the following is NOT an example of a large vein?
a. the portal vein
b. the ivc
c. the svc
d. the brachial vein
d
131
Which statement regarding venous valves is FALSE?
a. They allow for bidirectional flow under normal conditions
b. They are more numberous in the veins of lower extremities
c. They are usually absent from veins in the thorax and abdomen
d. They have only two leaflets
a
132
Which structure forms venous valves?
projections of the intima layer
133
Which statement regarding the first branch of the internal carotid artery is TRUE?
a. The opthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the petrous level
b. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the cervical level
c. The ophthalmic artery is usually the first branch at the intracranial level
d. The internal carotid artery does not have branches
c
134
From where does the left common carotid artery typically arise?
the aortic arch
135
Which of the following branches of the external carotid artery is considered an anterior branch?
a. occipital artery
b. superficial temportal artery
c. ascending pharyngeal artery
d. lingual artery
d
136
Which intracranial vessel is formed by the junction of the two vertebral arteries?
basilar artery
137
Which statement regarding the venous drainage of the head and neck is FALSE?
a. drainage occurs in the posterior portion via vertebral veins
b. vertebral veins are formed by a dense venous plexus
c. The external jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins
d. The internal jugular veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins
c
138
Which tissues do branches of the right or left subclavian arteries supply?
the brain, neck, thoracic wall, and shoulder
139
Which artery is NOT typically a branch of the ulnar arteries?
a. the radial artery
b. the interosseous artery
c. the recurrent ulnar artery
d. the superficial palmar arch
a
140
Which vessels create a lateral vascular arcade that form a potential collateral pathway for the radial artery?
radial collateral and radial recurrent arteries
141
Which two veins join to form the brachiocephalic veins?
internal jugular and subclavian veins
142
Which of the following is NOT a superficial vein of the upper extremities?
a. interosseus veins
b. basilic veins
c. cephalic veins
d. median antebrachial veins
a
143
What are the three branches of the celiac trunk or celiac artery?
splenic
left gastric
common hepatic
144
What is the landmark that indicates the change in name of the external iliac arteries to the common femoral arteries?
inguinal ligament
145
What is another name for the internal iliac arteries?
hypogastric arteries
146
Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
portal vein
147
Which two vessels are typically linked via the marginal artery of Drummond and the arc of Riolan?
superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
148
What is the landmark that delineates the superficial femoral artery from the popliteal artery?
the adductor canal
149
Which of the following are the terminal brnaches of the popliteal artery?
a. the genicular and peroneal arteries
b. the genicular and sural arteries
c. the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries
d. the interosseus artery and tibioperoneal trunk
c
150
Where does the deep venous system of the lower extremities start?
the deep plantar arch
151
Typically, what happens as the popliteal vein ascends through the adductor canal?
the veins moves from medial to lateral of the artery
152
Which vessel is formed by the confluence of the profunda femoris and femoral veins?
common femoral vein
153
Which artery provides most collaterals that bypass superficial femoral or popliteal artery occlusions?
deep femoral artery
154
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes occurs mainly at the level of _____ in the circulatory system.
capillaries
155
The venous side of the capillaries is drained by ______.
venules
156
Arterioles are the main control of _____ of the circulatory system.
contraction
157
Arteries are classified not only according to size but also in the composition of their ____.
walls
158
The femoral arteries, brachial arteries, and the mesenteric arteries are examples of _____.
medium sized arteries
159
Lower extremity veins have _____ walls than upper extremity veins.
thicker
160
The thickest layer in large veins is the ______.
adventitia
161
The bulk of the wall composition in large veins is an adventitia that contains:
mostly collagen and some elastic tissue
162
The valves found in veins are called _____ because they have two semilunar leaflets/
bicuspid
163
The precavernous, cavernous, and supraclinoid levels correspond to segments of the _____ internal carotid artery.
intracranial
164
The first branch of the external carotid artery is the ______ artery.
superficial thyroid
165
The size of the vertebral arteries varies, but usually the ____ vertebral artery is dominant.
left
166
A unique arrangement of the intracranial branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries serving as an important collateral network is called _____.
circle of Willis
167
The first and largest branch of the aortic arch is the ______.
brachiocephalic (innominate) artery
168
A common variant of the ____ artery, which occurs in about 15 to 20% of the population, is the bifurcation occuring more proximally in the arm/
brachial
169
Typically, the ________ is considered the first and largest branch of the brachial artery./
deep brachial/profunda brachii
170
The upper extremity superficial vein coursing along the medial border of the biceps muscle is the _____
basilic vein
171
The axillary vein begins at the junction of the ____ and _____ veins.
brachial
basilic
172
The bronchial, esophageal, phrenic, intercostal, and subcostal arteries are branches of the _____.
descending aorta
173
The superior mesenteric artery arises from the aorta approximately ____ cm below the origin of the celiac artery.
1
174
Two branches of the anterior-lateral surface of the aorta just below the level of the renal arteries are the _____.
testicular/ovarian arteries
175
The right and left common iliac arteries bifurcate from the abdominal aorta, typically at the level of the _____.
fourth lumbar vertevra
176
At the level of the aortic bifurcation, the ____ common iliac vein passes beneath the ____ common iliac artery.
left
right
177
The three hepatic veins drain the liver and empty directly into the ____.
IVC
178
A primary collateral pathway between the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries is the _____.
pancreaticoduodenal arcade
179
Another name of the deep femoral artery is the _____ artery.
profunda femoris
180
The ______ artery passes through an opening in the interosseus membrane and proceeds distally in the anterior compartment of the lower leg.
anterior tibial
181
The continuation of the lateral segment of the dorsal venous arch is _____.
small saphenous vein
182
The small saphenous vein terminates into the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction in about ____% of individuals.
70
183
The veins that pass deep within the leg and ascend along the medial aspect of the fibula are the _____ arteries.
perforating
