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Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endosymbitoic theory

A

-world full of prokaryotes, one got swallowed one day and made symbiotic relationships

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2
Q

Microbes eukaryote

A

Fungí, worms, algae, Protozoa, anthropoids

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3
Q

Eukaryote flagella

A

Diff structure to prokaryote, still for movement, 10x thicker , 9+2 microtubule arrangement, covered by extension of cell membrane, rigid rods
-microtubules are pulled and push to move flagella not like prokaryotes that rotate
-wiggle movement

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4
Q

Cilia

A

Shorter and more than flagella, only in single group of Protozoa and cértain animal cells
-motility, feeding and filtering

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5
Q

Glycocalyx

A

External layer outside membrane, made of polysaccrides, adheres, protects, beneath it is dependent on the type of eurkaryotes bc they don’t all have cell walls (fungi do and algea)
-network of fibers, plasma membrane under it

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6
Q

Fungal cell wall

A

Made of chitin/ cellulose and sugars that make up thick inner layer
Thin layer of glycans

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7
Q

Algae cell wall

A

Makes a whole in the wall every time it divides and it scars, count the scars count the age, pectin, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, sugars etc…

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8
Q

Cell membrane (cytoplasmic)

A

Phospholipid bilayer selectively permeable
-have membrane bound organelles inside

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound in the center of the cell, has an envelope (2 belayed) with pores/ wholes. Choromoses in side of it and the nucleolus which is the dark area for rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly (where the ribosome genes are)

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10
Q

er

A

Double membrane bound

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11
Q

Rer

A

Covered in ribosomes that make proteins (membrane proteins or extra cellular proteins)
-part of the nuclear envelope and there is a space
-proteins will go through the membrane and end up in the space or get stuck in the membrane trying to leave nucleus

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12
Q

golgi

A

-modifies, stores and packages proteins
-stacks of flattened sacs (cisternae)
-vesicles go back and forth er
-takes proteins from rer and modifies them (post translational modification)
-usps

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13
Q

vesicles from golgi

A

transitional vesicles

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14
Q

glycosilation

A

removing sugars from proteins

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15
Q

not a membrane proteins

A

gets modified inside the vesicle not on the surface
-the proteins modified in golgi and on surface of vesicle are secretory proteins

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16
Q

lysosome

A

digestion
-kills microbes
-enzymes from the golgi
-made by golgi
-specialized vacuole

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17
Q

vacuoles

A

-membrane bound vesicle with things to be digested, destroyed etc

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18
Q

phagosome

A

vacuole merged with lysosome
-form phagolysosome

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19
Q

mitochondria

A

-energy
-inner folds= cristae
-divide independently of cell
-cristae hold enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration
-have their own DNA that looks similar to prokaryotic
-evolved from bacteria cells similar to rickettsias

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20
Q

chloroplast

A

photosynthesis of photons into energy which becomes sugar
-algae and plant cells
-double membrane with thylokoid stacks inside
-has a prokaryotic looking genome and thier own ribosomes like mitochondria
-evolved from cyanobacteria

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21
Q

granum

A

thylakoid stack

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22
Q

ribosomes

A

-rrna and protein
-in cytoplasm or rer
-larger than prokaryotic ribosomes
-protein synt

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23
Q

ribosome size

A

80s (60s +40s)
-(large + small subunit)
prokaryotic is 70s

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24
Q

prok vs euk ribosomes

A

difference in size lets us target prokaryotic ribosomes with drugs and not interfere with euk

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25
cytoskeleton
proteins, microfilaments, microtubule network throughout cytoplasm -movement of cytoplasm, amoeboid movement, transport (highways) and support -function is dependent of cell
26
eukaryotic microbes
fungi, algae, worms
27
fungi
-2 groups macro and microscopic -unicellular or colonial
28
macroscopic fungi
muschroom, puffballs, gill fungi
29
microscopic fungi
mold and yeast -heterotrophic
30
yeast
-looks like individual cells -ovoid shape, asexual reproduction -buds off and scars -soft, uniform texture and appearance
31
hyphae
-long rods of yeast cells, fungi/ mold -division between= septate -don't always have clear division
32
diphorm
-fungi that switch between yeast and hyphae -can make fungi very pathogenic
33
mycoses
fungal infection
34
saprobes
dead plants and animals
35
molds that infect humans
-produce toxins and protein that poison people -some fungus cause infection but most ppl are harmed by thier byproducts
36
yeast reproduction
pops hole in cell wall, new cell buds off and creates a scar that can be seen on SEM -they do not always separate sometimes they form chains
37
pseudohyphae
yeast in chains
38
filamentus fungi/ mycelium
mass of hyphae -cottony or hairy
39
reproductive hyphae
producing spores -where spores are made -asexual from budding or mitosis
40
vegetative hyphae
digestion and active
41
sprorangiospores
cluster of spores released from sac
42
conidia
hyphae that break off
43
fungal sexual reproduction
-spores made after fusion of two strains and form a sexual structure
44
sexual spore structures
zygospores, ascospores and basidiospores (used for classification/ phylum)
45
zygospore reproduction
-spore released into environment (inert cells that is a haploid) -germinate on old bread -growing as hyphae (not alway) -male and female (+ and -) hyphae fuse and fertilize a zygospore -zygospore germinates and forms sporangium from meiosis that releases spores
46
ascospores
-starts with haploid hyphae that fuse and fertilize a diploid organism -grows as diploid hyphae until it forms spores -meiosis makes haploid spores -spores released= asco spores -cup fungus -haploid -> diploid -> haploid
47
basidiospores
-spores released as haploid, fertilize/ fusion, diploid organism grows -germinates (mushroom) -meiosis makes diploid into haploid cells
48
fungi kingdom
eumycota
49
sexual spores
will only reproduce sexually
50
asexual spores
will only reproduce asexually
51
identify fungi
-appearance from growth, reproductive structure, hyphal type, colony, color, genetic makeup -dont enter reproduction all the time, need specific conditions
52
fungi imperfecti
all fungi that we dont see reproduce and dont identify
53
spores
reproduction but also survival bc they are different from vegitative spores
54
fungal spore vs bacteria spore
-fungal spore reproduces bacteria does not
55
mycoses
caused by true fungal pathogens for humans -infect healthy person while others normally need a weakness for disease
56
true fungi pathogens
-dimorphic from hyphal to yeast so they can grow in human host
57
thermal dimorphism
-mold/ hyphae at 30 celsius spores infect human and yeast at 37 grows as yeast in warm person -virulence factor
58
4 true f pathogens -dimorphic
-blactomyces -coccidodes -histoplasma -paraccoccidiodes
59
opportunistic
-candida -cryptoococcus -aspergilus -wont rlly infect healthy people
60
what makes ppl resistant to fungi?
-membranes -skin tissue temperature -redox potential
61
protist
algae and protozoa
62
protozoa
can not photosynthesize
63
algae
unicellular, colonial or filamentus (seaweed) -cell wall or pellicle (components of cell wall dependant on type of algea) -chloroplasts with chlorophyll and pigment -plankton -basis of food web
64
dinoflagellates
can give off toxin (red tide) -not always red and not all red are bad -harmful bloom (HAB) -Karenia Brevis that makes saxitoxin -neurotoxin -eat shellfish infected get paralyzed -takes oxy out of water and suffocates it
65
pellicle
cell wall like plates of armor
66
algae and people
one exception: prototheca which can cause skin infection -mostly ppl affected by toxins from algae
67
protozoa
-no cell wall or chloroplast (heterotroph) -mostly aquatic -parasites -unicellular mostly -flagella or cillia -can be trophozoite -sexual or asexual
68
trophozoite
-vegitative form -feeding state
69
cyst
formant resting stage when there is environemental stress
70
conujugation
protozoa sexual reproduction
71
sarcodina
amoeba -psuedopods to move -reorganizing cytoskeletal -fission reproduction (split in half)
72
apicomplexia
-all parasitic and need host -cant rlly move -one or multiple hosts -malaria
73
helminths
-parasitic worms -multicellular, have reproductive organs, move digestion etc -eggs and sperm -have mouths that attach to host tissue (tape worm attaches to intestine eats your food and you poop out eggs) -larva period for fertilized eggs that are sometimes in host or out
74
trichomonads
-protozoa parasite -flagella -only in trophozoite
75
t. vaginalis (std trichomoniasis)
found only in humans -trichomonads -50% non symptomatic -dies out of host -visible in discharge -foul smell
76
Giardia
-flagella protozoa -cysts -heart shape like suction cup -cysts survive for 2 months in environment -diarrhea in gut -cysts germinate and multiply causing diarrhea -resistant to chlorine (makes water drinkable)

micro (23 decks)

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