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chapter 7 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition

A

chemical substances/ nutrients are acquired from the environment and used in cellular processes

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2
Q

essential nutrients

A

Need to be provided to the organism
-macronutrients
-micronutrients or trace elements

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3
Q

macronutrients

A

required in large amounts
-necessary for cell structure and metabolism
-proteins and carbohydrates

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4
Q

trace elements or micronutrients

A

-small amounts, enzyme function, protein structure
-manganese, zinc and nickel

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5
Q

organic nutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
-products of living things

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6
Q

inorganic nutrients

A

metals and salts, gases, water

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7
Q

e.coli main elements

A

-main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen

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8
Q

carbon acquisition

A

heterotroph or autotroph

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9
Q

heterotroph

A

has to obtain carbon made by other living organism
-proteins, cabs, lipids, nucleic acids

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10
Q

autotroph

A

uses co2/ inorganic gas as a carbon source
-does not depend on other organisms

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11
Q

growth factors

A

Organic compounds that cant be synthesized by an organism bc they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them
-has to be provided as a nutrient

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12
Q

examples of growth factors

A

amino acids, vitamins
-9 amino acids humans cant synthesize (histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine

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13
Q

can ecoli make all 20 amino acids

A

yes from simple building blocks

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14
Q

energy sources (2 types)

A

chemotroph or phototroph

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15
Q

chemotroph

A

gain energy from chemical compounds

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16
Q

phototroph

A

gain energy through photosynthesis

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17
Q

autotroph’s carbon source (2 methods)

A

-photosynthesis (photoautotroph) or energy from oxidizing organic and inorganic molecules (chemoautotroph)

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18
Q

methanogens

A

a type of chemoautotroph that can produce methane gas under anaerobic conditions and methanogens

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19
Q

heterotrophs are mostly?

A

chemoheterotrophs that do aerobic respiration
-saprobes and parasites

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20
Q

saprobe

A

free lviing microorganisms that feed on dead organisms
-opportunistic pathogens and facultative parasite

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21
Q

parasites

A

get nutrients from hosts
-pathogens and obligate parasites

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22
Q

passive transport

A

no energy, from high to low
-diffusion, osmosis (water diffusion) and facilitated diffusion (uses a carrier)

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23
Q

active transport

A

needs energy, carrier proteins, and gradient
-active transport, group translocation and bulk transport

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24
Q

bulk transport

A

endocytosis, exocytosis (expel) and pinocytosis(drink), phagocytosis (eat)

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25
group translocation
transported molecule chemically altered (in active transport)
26
hypertonic solution
concentration greater outside the cell than the cytosol -water moves out of the cell -cell will shrivel -plasmolysis can happen
27
plasmolysis
membrane pulls away from cell wall
28
hypotonic solution
solute concentration lower outside -water moves into cell -swells
29
niche
adaptations for an organism to adapt to environment -will affect metabolic function (temperature, oxy requirements, ph, osmotic pressire, barometric pressure)
30
3 cardinal temperatures
minimum temp, max temp, optimal temp -below or above max and min there will be no growth
31
psychrophiles
optimal temperature below 15°C but can grow at 0°C
32
psychrotroph
can grow below 7 but optimal is above 20
33
mesophiles
20-40 -most human pathogens
34
thermophiles
greater than 45
35
hyperthermophile
above 80
36
oxygen is transformed into
toxic products -singlet oxygen (1 O2), superodixe ion (O2-), peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (OH-) -cells have enzymes to deal w toxicity
37
enzymes that break down toxic oxygen byproduct
superoxide dismutase, catalase, oxidase
38
microbes that cant deal with oxygen byproducts?
have to live in oxygen free habitat
39
aerobe
uses oxygen and can detoxify it -obligate or facultative (can grow w out it if necessary)
40
microaerophilic
requires only a small amount of oxygen -aerobe
41
obligate anaerobe
lacks enzymes to detoxifiy oxygen so cant surive in an oxy environment
42
aerotolerant
dont use oxygen but can grow it its presence
43
neutrophiles ph
grow btwn 6 and 8 MOST COMMON CATEGORY OF BACTERIA
44
acidophiles
grow at extreme acid ph
45
alkalinophiles
grow at alkaline ph -basic
46
most microbes exist in what kind of tonic conditions?
hypotonic or isotonic condition
47
halophiles
high salt concentration
48
osmotolerant
can tolerate high solute when it happens but dont require it
49
barophiles
rupture when exposed to normal atmospheric pressure THEY LIKE IT ROUGHHHHHH (extreme pressure)
50
symbiotic
2 organisms live tog in a partnership mutualism, commenralisms and parasitism
51
nonsymbiotic
Free living organisms that don’t require relationships for survival - synergism and antagonism
52
obligate mututalism
both members benefit, obligatory and dependant Example of symbiotic
53
nonobligate mututalisms
both benefit but they can live w out each other Example of symbiotic
54
commensalism
one member benefits the other is not harmed but doesnt benefit (in our gut) Example of symbiotic
55
parasitism
parasite is dependant and benefits while the host is harmed Example of symbiotic
56
do nonsymbiotic organisms need the relationship
no they can live w out it
57
synergism
-syntrophy -cross feeding -members produce a result that they cant do alone (ant colony) Example of non symbiotic
58
antagonims
-amensalism -actions of one organism affect the sucess or survival of others -competition -antibiosis: 1 is really badly affected, other is fine (antibiotics on a bacteria) Example of non symbiotic
59
Osmolysis
Hypotonic, when cell swells snd bursts
60
Minimum temp
Lowest temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism
61
Maximum temp
Max temp a microbe can grow and have metabolism
62
Optimum temp
Temp that promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism
63
Heterotrophs and their energy source (2)
Majority are chemoheterotrophs -saprobes -parasite

micro (23 decks)

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