Chapter 14

Question 1

What arrives first at sight of infection?

Answer 1

macrophage
-eats 100 bacteria before its tired

Question 2

who does macrophage call when there is too much bacteria?

Answer 2

neutrophil

Question 3

why do neutrophils have a short lifespan?

Answer 3

so they dont accidently kill you because that is all they do and theyre good at it
-can damage your cells in the process of killing bacteria

Question 4

silent killer in the fluid released to the site of injury?

Answer 4

complement proteins
-rips holes in bacteria

Question 5

what happens if bacteria is too strong?

Answer 5

dendritic cell collects bacteria, rips it to small peptides and puts them on the surface, enters lymph nodes looking for matching helper t cell

Question 6

what happens when helper t recognizes dendritic’s molecule?

Answer 6

it is activated and clones itself
-thousands of helper T
-one group goes to site of infection, wakes up macrophages
-one group goes to wake up B cells

Question 7

what happnes when b and t find each other?

Answer 7

b clones itself and makes antibodies
2,000 per second
-one week into infection the antibodies are working and clumping bacteria

Question 8

what does clumping allow?

Answer 8

the cells to kill off the bacteria

Question 9

one group of helper t cells become?

Answer 9

T memory cells

Question 10

some B cells post infection do what?

Answer 10

stay alive making low amount of antibodies

Question 11

what is the HIV microbial countermeasure?

Answer 11

APOBEC3
-interferes with HIV genetic material
-causes cytosine deaminase
-acts when the virus is in a host cell and replicating
-messes up reverse transcriptase

Question 12

which host defenses work immediately

Answer 12

innate
-present at birth and give NON specific resistance

Question 13

is adaptive immunity instantaneous?

Answer 13

no it take a long time for B and T to wake up
-one week for antibodies

Question 14

is the second line of defense innate?

Answer 14

yes and it does not develop immunityc

Question 15

chemical barriers are what defense

Answer 15

first
-ph, lyzoenzyme, digestive enzyme etc

Question 16

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, interferon, complement are examples of?

Answer 16

second innate immune response
-non specific

Question 17

what is involved in the third response

Answer 17

aquired immunity with B, T and antibodies

Question 18

components of outer epithelial layer?

Answer 18

compacted epithelial cemented with keratin

Question 19

why does cholera have a high ID

Answer 19

becuase it is sensitive to stomach acid and needs many cells to make it to infect

Question 20

where are lysozymes and peroxidase ?

Answer 20

in the saliva
-lyso also in tears

Question 21

what is the acidic mantle?

Answer 21

slightly acidic silm on the skin
-sebaccious secretion

Question 22

how does lysozyme kill?

Answer 22

hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in cell wall of bacteria

Question 23

what are defensins made of?

Answer 23

peptideswha

Question 24

defensin function?

Answer 24

damage cell membrane and lyse bacteria and fungi

Question 25

lactic acid and electrolytes are high in?

Answer 25

sweat

Question 26

what type of pathogen is highly specific

Answer 26

viruses -have specific host receptors

Question 27

how do genes change how you can be infected?

Answer 27

mutations like CCR5 for HIV and sickle cell make you naturally more resistant

Question 28

immunology only involves which defenses?

Answer 28

second and third

Question 29

molecules shared by microorganisms are?

Answer 29

PAMP -pathogen associated patterns

Question 30

what are the WBC receptors for PAMP

Answer 30

PRR -pathogen recognition receptors

Question 31

what is a type of PRRR?

Answer 31

TLR -toll like receptor

Question 32

list 4 types of immune system

Answer 32

-reticuloendothelial, extracellular fluid, blood stream, lymphatic system

Question 33

what does RES connect

Answer 33

interconnects cells and meshes connective tissue surrounding organs

Question 34

what lives in RES

Answer 34

mononuclear phagocyte system -macrophage ready to attack microbes that make it past first line

Question 35

water, metabolic proteins, globulins, clotting factor and hormones are in?

Answer 35

plasma

Question 36

what is serum

Answer 36

liquid portion of the blood after clot forms -plasma w out clotting factors

Question 37

2 types of leukocytes

Answer 37

granulocyte and agranulocyte

Question 38

colored granules in cytoplasm and have a lobed nucleus

Answer 38

granulocyte

Question 39

unlobed and rounded nucleus

Answer 39

agranulocyte

Question 40

what makes thrombocytes?

Answer 40

megakaryocyte

Question 41

precurser for basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte

Answer 41

myeloblast

Question 42

macrophage precurser?

Answer 42

monocyte

Question 43

what do elevated neutrophils indicate?

Answer 43

infection

Question 44

lavender granuoles, lobed nuclei

Answer 44

55-90% neutrophil that can live 2 days

Question 45

orange granuoles, bilobed

Answer 45

1-3% eosinophil

Question 46

dark blue granuoles with constricted nuclei

Answer 46

.5% basophil

Question 47

local infection first line of defense?

Answer 47

mast cell -fire alarm -bound to connective tissue

Question 48

what has a specific immune response?

Answer 48

20-35% leukocyte

Question 49

what is the rarest granulocyte?

Answer 49

basophil

Question 50

what is the final differentiation of macrophage?

Answer 50

monocyte -kidney nucleus

Question 51

what is the largest WBC

Answer 51

monocyte/ macrophage 3-7%

Question 52

what forms lymph

Answer 52

components of the blood moving to extracellular spaces

Question 53

what moves the lymph fluid

Answer 53

muscle contractions

Question 54

does lymph vessesl permeate placenta?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

purpose of lymph vesses?

Answer 55

return lymph to circulation/ towards heart and eventually blood stream

Question 56

name tropical infection spread by mosquito que leave larva

Answer 56

wuchereria bancrofti

Question 57

what causes elephantitis

Answer 57

chronic infection from larvae in lymphatics -grow to adults

Question 58

points of entry that are also collections of cells distributed throughout body tissue

Answer 58

salt, malt, galt

Question 59

recognition, inflammation, phagocytosis, interferon, complement

Answer 59

second line of defense

Question 60

signs of inflammation in order:

Answer 60

redness, warmth, swelling (pus), pain and loss of function

Question 61

redness is caused by

Answer 61

increased circulation, vasodilation in response to chemical mediators

Question 62

underlying source of autoimmune?

Answer 62

inflammation

Question 63

what is the immediate response to injury?

Answer 63

vasoconstrict to form clot

Question 64

what are the chemical messengers released by mast cells

Answer 64

cytokines and chemokines -fire alarm

Question 65

what happens after clot forms

Answer 65

vasodilation to increae b.f., immune components, rubor and calor

Question 66

what is the exudate

Answer 66

collection of fluid -causing swelling

Question 67

what triggers the influx of neutrophils?

Answer 67

the edema and pus formation

Question 68

what prevents the spread of the microbes when the immune response is happening?

Answer 68

fibrin -surrounds the exudate

Question 69

what is attracted to the site of scar formation?

Answer 69

monocyte, lymphocyte and macrophage

Question 70

what repairs damages tissue

Answer 70

fibroblast

Question 71

chemotaxis

Answer 71

migration in response to chemicals at the injury site

Question 72

chemokine, endotoxin, PAMPA, TNF, complement, platelet activators are all?

Answer 72

chemotaxis

Question 73

what is the migration of cells out of bv to tissue

Answer 73

diapedesis ex: leukocyte extravasation "walking leukocyte"

Question 74

what triggers fever

Answer 74

pyrogens to hypothalamus to increaese temp and vasoconstriction

Question 75

what is exogenous pyrogens

Answer 75

infectious agent product that increases temp -LPS

Question 76

what are IL 1 and TNF?

Answer 76

endogenous pyrogens that are liberated by monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis -body induced fever

Question 77

what reduces iron?

Answer 77

fever -bacteria need it to grow

Question 78

what cells do phagocytosis

Answer 78

neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages

Question 79

what is the primary component of pus?

Answer 79

neutrophil

Question 80

what preps for reaction with B and T

Answer 80

macrophage

Question 81

where are TLR?

Answer 81

in receptors of macrophage -10 types -PRR to recognize PAMP

Question 82

what turns on TF genes to release cytokines in macrophage?

Answer 82

the 2 halves of the TLR forming a dimer when the foreign molecule binds

Question 83

what unpackages neutrophil dna

Answer 83

pd4 -forms DNA net

Question 84

what can lead to autoantibody formation?

Answer 84

not getting rid of the entire neutrophil DNA -can lead to autoimmune disorder

Question 85

what makes interferon alpha

Answer 85

lymphocyte and macrophage

Question 86

what makes interferon beta

Answer 86

fibroblast and epithelial

Question 87

what makes interferon gamma

Answer 87

t cells

Question 88

what does interferon inhibit

Answer 88

cancer genes and promotes antiviral proteins

Question 89

Where are the components of compliment made

Answer 89

Liver hepatocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 90

what type of bacteria is complement in a factor for?

Answer 90

Gram-positive because they have peptidoglycan layer and no outer cell wall

Question 91

what activates compliment

Answer 91

Cleavage/cascade reaction