Chapter 11 pt 1

Question 1

antimicrobial drugs

Answer 1

made naturally or synthetic
-from other microbes

Question 2

antibiotics

Answer 2

metabolic byproduct of bacteria and fungi

Question 3

antibiotic bacteria genera

Answer 3

streptomyces and bacillus

Question 4

antibiotic molds in genera

Answer 4

penicillium and cephalosporium
-funguses

Question 5

chemotheraputic drug

Answer 5

any chemical that is used in treatment, releif or prophylaxis of a disease

Question 6

prophylaxis

Answer 6

using a drug to prevent potential for infection of a person at risk
-before infection for ppl at risk

Question 7

antimicrobial therapy

Answer 7

using chemotheraputic drugs to control infection

Question 8

antibiotics are a type of what

Answer 8

antimicrobials

Question 9

antimicrobials

Answer 9

any antimicrobial drug regardless of origin

Question 10

antibiotics

Answer 10

natural byproduct that can inhibit or destroy microorganisms
-NOT synthetic

Question 11

semisynthetic

Answer 11

drug chemically modified in lab after being isolated from natural sources

Question 12

synthetic drugs

Answer 12

antimicrobials synthesized in lab

Question 13

narrow spectrum

Answer 13

antimicrobials effective against mainly gram positive
-effective against fewer microbes

Question 14

broad spectrum

Answer 14

antimicrobials effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Question 15

selectively toxic

Answer 15

antimicrobial drugs kill microbial cells without damaging our tissues

Question 16

when are more drug side effects seen

Answer 16

when the pathogens characteristics are more similar to the host cells and selective toxicity is hard to acheive

Question 17

5% of people?

Answer 17

will feel side effects from antibiotics

Question 18

major side effects

Answer 18

-damage to tissue from toxicity
-alleric reaction
-imbalance of normal flora leading to superinfections (CDIFF)

Question 19

antimicrobial drug groups

Answer 19

-antibacterial drugs
-antifungal drugs
-antiparaditic
-antiviral

Question 20

antibacterial drugs

Answer 20

antibiotics and synthetic drugs

Question 21

how many antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 21

260
20 drug families

Question 22

whats impossible for antivirals?

Answer 22

selective toxicity because of the obligate intracellular parasitic nature of viruses
-can also interfere with nucleotides

Question 23

how do antivirals work?

Answer 23

-block penetration into host cell by blocking interaction between virus and cell membrane receptors
-block replication, transcription or translation of viral genetic material

Question 24

nucleotide analogs

Answer 24

-acyclovir (herpes)
-ribavirin (guanine and RSV)
-azt (thyamine and HIV)
-merck (covid)

Question 25

protease inhibitor

Answer 25

prevent maturation of virus -paxlovid -sometimes used to treat HIV

Question 26

COVID RDRP and merck

Answer 26

-rna genome uses rdrp -molnupiravir looks like a nucleotide and can base pair with g or a which lets it get replicated into the viral genome inctead of a U or a C -this mutation in the viral genome causes it to die -less effective than paxlovid

Question 27

spectrum

Answer 27

range of activity of a drug -narrow or broad

Question 28

what does broad spectrum target?

Answer 28

cell components common to most pathiogens -ribosomes -best range of activity

Question 29

what does narrow spectrum target

Answer 29

cell components only found in specific microbes -bacteriophage?

Question 30

what does penicillins inhibit

Answer 30

cell wall inhibitor -synthesis and repair -weakens points on cell wall, membrane will bulge, cell will lyse

Question 31

what do penicillins and cephalosporins block

Answer 31

peptidoglycan synthesis by blocking the enzyme transpeptidase (fixes cell wall)

Question 32

peptidoglycan inside/ not exposed

Answer 32

gram negative

Question 33

cephalosporins most effective generation

Answer 33

fourth generation -most effective on gram negatives -fewer side effects

Question 34

first gen cephalosporin

Answer 34

gram positive very few gram negative

Question 35

polymyxins

Answer 35

cause a loss of selective permeability -interact with phospholipids and cause leakage in gram negative

Question 36

bacteria ribosome size

Answer 36

70s