chapter 9 pt 2

Question 1

degeneracy

Answer 1

most amino acids have multiple codons

Question 2

what defines protein identity

Answer 2

primary structure

Question 3

what is universal

Answer 3

genetic code

Question 4

trna during translation

Answer 4

use anticodon to interpret the mRNA codons and bring aa

Question 5

trna enters p site of ribosome and binds to mRNA when?

Answer 5

when it has a complementary anticodne and methionine amino acid

Question 6

what does stop codon release?

Answer 6

peptides

Question 7

what will the second tRNA do?

Answer 7

with a complementary anticodon will fill the A site

Question 8

where does the peptide bond form during translation

Answer 8

between the amino acids on neighboring tRNAs in the ribosome

Question 9

what codon has no corresponding tRNA?

Answer 9

stop codon
-when it is reached the ribosome just falls off and the tRNA is removed from the polypeptide

Question 10

prokaryote vs eukaryote

Answer 10

transcription and translation in cytoplasm not nucleus
-eukaryote only does transcription in nucleus snd rna processing

Question 11

polyribosomal complex

Answer 11

allows simultaneous synthesis of many protein molecules from the same mRNA molecule
-can only form after RNA has left the nucleus
-found in all domains

Question 12

prokaryotes can

Answer 12

couple translation with transcription
-transcription does not have to be finished for translation to begin

Question 13

eukaryotic mRNA

Answer 13

monocistronic

Question 14

genes are only active when?

Answer 14

when their products are required

Question 15

what coordinates gene regulation in prokaryotes?

Answer 15

operons
-a set of genes that are regulated as a single unit
-have defined functions

Question 16

inducible

Answer 16

operon is turned on/ expressed by a substrate/ inducer being present
-lac opeon on when lactose is present

Question 17

catabolic operons

Answer 17

-make enzymes resposible for catbolism
-lac operon is inducible operon and catabolic bc we need it to degrade the substrate/ lactose

Question 18

repressible

Answer 18

genes in a series are turned off by the products they synthesize
-trp and arg.

Question 19

anabolic operon

Answer 19

enzymes used to synthesize an amino acid stop being produced when they are not needed
-stops when trp is made
-trp operon

Question 20

lac operon segments

Answer 20

regulation (gene codes for repressor), control locus (promoter and operator), and structural locus (encode enzymes to catabolize lactose)

Question 21

bgal transacetylase

Answer 21

unknown function

Question 22

promoter

Answer 22

recruit RNA pol to transcribe protein

Question 23

what has to happen before oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

lactose must be broken down by enzymes into d galactose and d glucose

Question 24

what turns on the operon?

Answer 24

lactose

Question 25

what type of operon is arginine?

Answer 25

repressor: turns off when there is enough arginine

Question 26

when is the argenine operon on?

Answer 26

when arg is being used by the cell -turns on bc the repressor will change shape so it cant bind to the dna -only the presence of a corepressor can bind it to the DNA

Question 27

what does the presence of argenine do?

Answer 27

bind to the repressor and change it so the operon turns off -arg is the corepressor

Question 28

chemical mutations from?

Answer 28

nitrous acid, bisulfite ethidium bromide acridine dyes, nitrogen bases

Question 29

template strand

Answer 29

non coding strand -NOT the sense strand

Question 30

missence

Answer 30

change in a single amino acid

Question 31

silent

Answer 31

changes base not amino acid

Question 32

back mutation

Answer 32

mutates gene reverts back to orignal composition

Question 33

mutations can do what to proteins?

Answer 33

misfolding, truncations (incomplete and nonfunctioning), inactive (cant catalyze rxn or wrong shape), super active (enzyme regulation is disrupted and it is always on constituive)

Question 34

what looks for mistakes in DNA

Answer 34

polymerase proof reads

Question 35

mismatch repair

Answer 35

locates and repairs mismatch nitrogen bases that arent fixed by dna pol -proteins looking for mistakes

Question 36

excision repair

Answer 36

locates and repairs incorrect sequence by removing a segment of the DNA and adding the correct base

Question 37

ames test looks for

Answer 37

a chemical capable of mutating bacterial DNA bc then it could maybe mutate mammalian -test medicines, agriculture things etc

Question 38

indicator oragnism of Ames?

Answer 38

mutates salmonella typhimurium that is auxotroph for histidine -succeptable to back mutation

Question 39

genetic recombination

Answer 39

happens occurs when an organism aquires and expresses genes that originated in a different organism -horizontal gene transfer

Question 40

genetic recombination in bacteria

Answer 40

-conjugation -transformation -transduction: use of a virus

Question 41

gram negative

Answer 41

has a fertility plasmid for pilus formation -transfers fertility

Question 42

HFr

Answer 42

donors fertility plasmid is integrated into the genome

Question 43

gram neg transfer

Answer 43

f plasmid copies itself first them goes to donot