chapter 8 pt 2

Question 1

oxidative phsosphorylation

Answer 1

redox reactions during respuration pathway

Question 2

photophosphorylation

Answer 2

atp is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight

Question 3

fermentation happens from

Answer 3

facultative anaerobes

Question 4

nutrient processing is based on?

Answer 4

three catabolic pathways that convert glucose to CO 2 and gives off energy
-aerobic respiration
-anaerobic respiration
-fermentation

Question 5

aerobic respiration

Answer 5

glycolysis, krebs cycle, respiration chain
-enzyme catalyzed reactions where electrons are transferred from fuel molecules (glucose) to oxygen as a final electron acceptor

Question 6

anaerobic respiration

Answer 6

glycolysis, krebs cycle, respiration chain, molecular oxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor

Question 7

fermentation

Answer 7

glycolysis and organic compounds are the final electron acceptors

Question 8

glycolysis

Answer 8

glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (3c) and NADH is generated
-happens in cytoplasm of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 9

glucose

Answer 9

6 carbon sugar

Question 10

TCA

Answer 10

processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 carbon dioxide molecules, NADH, and FADH2

Question 11

electron transport chain

Answer 11

accepts electrons from NADH and FADH
-generates energy through sequential redox reactions called oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

result of glycolysis

Answer 12

-2 atp
-2 nadh
-2 pyruvic acid

Question 13

ETC

Answer 13

final processing of electrons and hydrogen
-major generator of ATP
-chain of redox carriers that get electrons from the reduced carriers (NADH and FADH2)

Question 14

where is the ETC

Answer 14

-mitochondria of eukaryotes
-cell membrane of prokaryotes

Question 15

what moves electrons down the chain?

Answer 15

ETS
-energy is released and then captures to be used by ATP synthase complexes to make ATP

Question 16

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 16

ATP synthase making ATP from captured energy released by ETS

Question 17

chemiosmosis

Answer 17

movement of protons
-electron carriers moving electrons which pumps h ions/ protons across the membrane which sets up a gradient

Question 18

proton motive force

Answer 18

the gradient generated by etc
-h ions will diffuse back through the ATP synthase complex which rotates causing a 3 d change that will produce ATP

Question 19

what is oxygen

Answer 19

the final electron acceptor
-accepts 2 electrons from the ETS anf then picks up 2 H ions from the solution to form water molecule

Question 20

what is cytochrome oxidase used for?

Answer 20

bacterial identification
-last enzyme in electron transport chain
-large transmembrane protein

Question 21

NADH

Answer 21

can make 3 ATP

Question 22

FADH2

Answer 22

can make 2 ATP

Question 23

what needs oxygen to work

Answer 23

krebs cycle

Question 24

anaerobic respiration

Answer 24

uses oxygen containing ions instead of free oxygen as the final electron acceptor
-nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-)

Question 25

obligate anaerobes

Answer 25

use h+ generated during glycolysis and the krebs cycle to reduce compounds instead of O2

Question 26

what is fermentation?

Answer 26

incomplete oxidation of glucose or carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen -can grow w oxygen it is facultative

Question 27

fermentation

Answer 27

-uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors -yields a small amount of atp -makes ethyl alcohol from yeast acting on glucose -makes acid, gas and other products bc of the action of bacteria on pyruvic acid

Question 28

fermentation needs what to capture electrons

Answer 28

oxygen

Question 29

photosynthesis

Answer 29

6co2 + 6 h20 --> add light, C6H12O6 + 6CO2

Question 30

has 2 stages

Answer 30

photosynthesis -light dependant -light independant

Question 31

light dependant photosynthesis

Answer 31

photons absorbed by chlorophyll, cartenoid and phycobilin pigments -water is split by releasing oxygen gas which gives electrons and drives photophosphorylation -released light enery used to synthesize ATP and NADPH

Question 32

light independant reaction

Answer 32

-dark reactions -calvin cycle will use ATP to fix CO2 to ribulose 1, 5-biphosphate and convert it to glucose

Question 33

what are dynamic processes

Answer 33

the building and breakdown of macromolecules -these reactions are catalyzed by catalytic proteins (enzymes)

Question 34

breakdown of glucose?

Answer 34

releases energy that is stored as ATP -happens through glysoclysis, krebs cycle, etc

Question 35

energy harvesting?

Answer 35

involves the transfer of electrons

Question 36

in aerobic respiration?

Answer 36

o2 is the final electron acceptor and it will split to form water -can result in nasty forms of oxygen/ radical species -releases co2 and the carbons are the remnants of glucose

Question 37

fermentation happens when?

Answer 37

absense of oxygen and the organism will function only on glycolysis -recycles NADH- back to NAD+ which acculumates byproducts like acid and alcohol (poison in a closed system)