Chapter 5 ( pdf 12)

Question 1

Using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor has

Answer 1

Highest cellular energy yeild

Question 2

Generation of oxygen radicals highly reactive substances

with an unpaired electron give you

Answer 2

• superoxide radical ( catalase)

- hydrogen peroxide

Question 3

Multiply between pH of 5 and 8

Answer 3

Neutrophiles

-maintain optimum near neutral

Question 4

Thrive at pH below 5.5

Answer 4

Acidophiles

Question 5

Maintains neutral internal pH pumping out protons (H+)

Answer 5

Acidophiles

Question 6

Grow at pH above 8.5

Answer 6

Alkalophiles

Question 7

Maintains neutral internal pH through sodium ion exchange

Answer 7

Alkalophiles

Question 8

exchange sodium ion for external H+

Answer 8

Alkalophiles

Question 9

10 major required elements for growth

Answer 9

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron

• it matters what forms these are in for ability of usefulness to different organisms
• ocean as dilute rapidly soluble environment while soil are dry and mineralized by the environment

Question 10

organisms that are classified based on carbon usage

Answer 10

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

Question 11

use organism carbon as energy source

Answer 11

Heterotrophs

Question 12

use inorganic carbon ( CO2) as carbon source

Answer 12

Autotrophs

Question 13

5 trace elements

Answer 13

cobalt, zinc, copper,molybdenum, and manganese

• it matters what forms these are in for ability of usefulness to different organisms
• ocean as dilute rapidly soluble environment while soil are dry and mineralized by the environment

Question 14

Organisms that derive energy from sunlight and chemical compounds

Answer 14

Phototrophs and Chemotrophs

- organisms often grouped according to energy source

Question 15

derive energy from sunlight

Answer 15

Phototrophs

Question 16

derive energy from chemical compounds

Answer 16

Chemotrophs

Question 17

Organism thrive due to their ability to use diverse sources of carbon and energy

Answer 17

Photoautotrophs, Chemolithoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs,Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Question 18

use sunlight for energy and atmospheric carbon (CO2) as carbon source

Answer 18

Photoautotrophs

Question 19

use inorganic carbon for energy and use CO2 as carbon source

Answer 19

Chemolithoautotrophs

Question 20

energy from sunlight, carbon from organic compounds

Answer 20

Photoautotrophs

Question 21

use organic compounds for energy and carbon source

Answer 21

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Question 22

most common among humans and other animals

Answer 22

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Question 23

environmental considerations

Answer 23

Halophiles to extreme

Question 24

Removal of all microorganisms
– is absolutely free of microbes,
endospores and viruses

Answer 24

Sterilization

Question 25

Eliminate most pathogens | -some viable microbes may exist

Answer 25

Disinfection

Question 26

use on inanimate object and surfaces

Answer 26

Disinfectant

Question 27

used on living tissues

Answer 27

Antiseptics

Question 28

Most critical consideration | -resistant microbe classes include...

Answer 28

Endospores, Protozoan cysts and oocysts, Mycobacterium species, and Pseudomonas species

Question 29

resistant to heat, drying, and numerous chemicals

Answer 29

Endospores

Question 30

generally excreted in feces and cause diarrheal disease

Answer 30

Protozoan cysts and oocysts

Question 31

cell wall structure initiates resistance

Answer 31

Mycobacterium species

Question 32

can grow in the presence of many chemical disinfectants

Answer 32

Pseudomonas species

Question 33

used to sterilize among pressurized steam

Answer 33

autoclave

Question 34

preferred method of sterilization

Answer 34

autoclave

Question 35

order of autoclave

Answer 35

heated water-> steam-> increased pressure

Question 36

what degrees, psi, and time do autoclave achieve sterilization

Answer 36

121 degrees Celsius, 15psi in 15 minutes

Question 37

what degrees, psi, and time do autoclaves flash?

Answer 37

135 degrees Celsius, 15psi in 3 minutes

Question 38

autoclaves are effective against...

Answer 38

endospores

Question 39

useful gaseous sterilant

Answer 39

Ethylene Oxide

Question 40

Ethylene Oxide destroys microbes including

Answer 40

endospores and viruses

Question 41

Its mode of action is to react with proteins and DNA

Answer 41

Ethylene Oxide

Question 42

useful in sterilizing heat or moisture sensitive items

Answer 42

Ethylene Oxide

Question 43

Limitations of Ethylene Oxide

Answer 43

Mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic

Question 44

gram negative rod that is one of the most abundant members of our intestinal microflora

Answer 44

Escherichia coli

Question 45

Sequenced genome, routine research lab strain because of easy growth and manipulations

Answer 45

Escherichia coli

Question 46

Adaptive metabolism can produce almost everything it needs from a few simple trace elements (Ca, Mg, Fe PO3) and a carbon source (glucose) and nitrogen source (ammonium sulfate)

Answer 46

Escherichia coli

Question 47

Contrast to Neisseria gonorrhoeae cannot make amino acids and is fastidious

Answer 47

Escherichia coli