Chapter 4 Flashcards by Carson Gafford

Characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

gram positive
acid fast-
rod shaped (bacillus)

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Characteristics of Streptococcis pneumonia

gram positive
non-acid fast
chains of cocci

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a target of antimicrobials

PTG

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binds to proteins involved in cell wall synthesis

- this prevents cross-linking of tetrapeptides and therefore WEAKEND glycan chain strength

penicillin

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Penicillin is more effective against…

gram positive bacterium

because of increased concentration of PTG
penicillin derivatives produced to protect against gram negatives.

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produced in many body fluids including tears and saliva

lysozymes

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breaks bond linking NAG and NAM

-destroys structural integrity of cell wall

lysozymes

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often used in laboratory to remove PTG layer from bacteria

lysozymes

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some bacteria naturally lack cell wall…

Mycoplasma

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cause mild pneumonia

-antimicrobials directed towards PTG are ineffective

bacterium of mycoplasma

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account for strength of a membrane

sterols

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have a wide variety of cell wall types

NONE contain PTG but some do have pseudopeptidoglycan

Domain Archaea

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Delicate ﬂuid structure
Surrounds cytoplasm of cell
Deﬁnes boundary
Serves as an essen’al semi-‐permeable barrier, between cytoplasm and the external environment

Cytoplasmic Membrane

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What is the diﬀerence between PTG and pseudo-‐PTG

that NAM is replaced with N-‐acetyltalosaminuronic acid and the crosslink is a beta 1-‐3 glycosidic bond. hat is, a change in the glycan backbone.

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some bacteria have protein appendages that are not essential to life, they aid in survival in certain environments

flagella

pilli

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number and position used in clasification of flagella

polar

peritrichous

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long protein structure
about 20 nm thick
responsible for motility

flagella

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use propeller like movements to push bacteria

can rotate more than 10,000 revolutions per minute

flagella

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some flagella are important in bacterial pathogenesis and example is

H. pylori penetration through mucous coat.

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what is flagella driven by

proton motive force

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flagella runs, are

(flagella rotations are responsible for runs and tumbles)

counterclockwize

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flagella tumbles

clockwize

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flagella are primarily found in what shaped bacteria

rod shaped (bacillus)

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bacteria use flagella for

motility

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flagella are motile through sensing chemicals called

chemotaxis

is chemical compound is nutrient

acts as attractant

if compound is toxic

acts as repellent

shorter and thinner than flagella similar in structure protein subunits

pili

pili that are used or attachment are called

fimbriae

function of pili

attachment movement conjugation (baterial sex)- machanism of DNA transfer, can be called the F-pilus

Accumulation of polymers | synthesized through excess nutrient

storage granules

example of storage granule

glycogen- excess glucose is stored in glycogen granules

small protein compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell

gas vesicles

these regulating vesicles allow organisms to reach ideal position in environment

gas vesicles

dormant cell types produced from sporolation | -can remain dormant up to 100 years

endospore

resistant to damaging conditions like heat and UV

endospore

vegetive cell produced through germination

endospore

common bacteria that produce endospore are

Clostridium and Bacillus

have no lipid bound organelles but still maintain variety of internal structures

bacterial cells

bacterial cell structures that are essetial for life

- chromosome | - ribosome

- blueprint for all essential portions and RNA - MUST be replicated for essential cell division - circular and double stranded - resides in CYTOPLASM - supercoiled structure

- chromosome | - typically, bacteria have a single chromosome

circular DNA molecule - extra-chrmosomal - encode characteristics - independently replicates - potentially enhances survival (antimicrobial resistance)

plasmids

involved in protein synthesis composed of large and small subunits names for 30S and 50S 30+50=70S (overlapping)

ribosome

stands for svedburg constant | roughly a measure of teritory in quanternary structure

where RNA gets busy and proteins are formed

ribosome

rRNA

16S

40S+60S=80S | -difference often used as target for antimicrobals

Eukaryotic ribosomal subunits

Eukaryotes have numerous organelles that set them apart from prokaryotic cells

- Nucleus= DNA - MItochondria and Chloroplast=energy production - Endoplasmic reticulum= protein and lipid synthesis - golgi apparatus= trafficing and modification - lysosome and peroxisome

defined as population of cells derived from a single cell

pure culture | - this is to study functions of specific species

pure culture obtained using special techniques

aseptic techniques | -minimizes potential contamination

to isolate pure culture cells are grown on liquid or solid forms of ..

media

pure culture liquid is called

broth media

used for growing large numbers of bacteria

broth media

broth media with addition of agar

solid media

marine algae extract - liquifies at temperatures above 95 degrees C - solidifies at 45 degrees C - remains solid at room temperature and body temperature

Agar

bacteria grow in colonies on what surface

solid media surface - all cells in colony descend from one cells - 1 million cells produce 1 visible colony

method simplest and most commonly used in bacterial isolation

streak plate method

Laboratory is usually what kind of culture

batch culture

major factors that influence growth

- temperature - oxygen - pH - water availability

- Optimum temperature -5 to 15 C | - found in Arctic and Antarctic regions

Psychrophile

- optimal temp 20 to 30C - some can grow low to -5C - important in food spoilage

Psychrotroph

25 to 45 C - most common due to temperate environments - disease causing

Mesophile

45 to 70C | -common in hot springs

Thermophiles

70 to 110C - usually members of archea - modified cytoplasmic membranes make them more rigid - protein sequence that resist unfolding

Hypothermophiles

Absolute requirement for oxygen | -use 02 for energy production

Obligate aerobes

example of Obligate aerobes

e.g. Nocardia species

No multiplication in the presence of oxygen | -

Obligate anaerobes | ex/ clostridium

use fermentation in the absence of oxygen

– Facultative anaerobes

example of Facultative anaerobes

e.g. E. coli e.g. Saccharomyces sp. Depending on carbon source availability

Require oxygen in lower concentrations | -high oxygen can be bad for growth

Microaerophiles

example of Microaerophiles

Helicobacter pylori

indifferent to oxygen growth, with or without

Obligate Fermenter

example of Obligate Fermenter

Streptococcus pyogenes

Oxygen can bateriostatc but tolerated in | some anaerobes

– Aerotolerance in Anerobes

example of Aerotolerance in Anerobes

Desulfovibrio