Final Exam Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Important initial step in identification. Can be used to determine size, shape and staining characteristics
-gram stain to differentiate
A
Microscopic morphology
2
Q
Diplococci can be diagnostic of
- gram negative
- catalase positive
A
Neisseria sp.
3
Q
Chains of cocci can be diagnostic of
- gram positive
- catalase negative
A
Streptococcus sp.
4
Q
Who is more likely to be CATALASE POSITIVE
A
Obligate Aerobe
5
Q
produces red pigment
A
Serratia marcescens
6
Q
+ or - for Sorbitol utilization
A
Ralsronia solanacerarum
7
Q
Most tests rely on pH indicators. Allow for series of test with single inoculation
-probabilistic indicators
A
Biochemical tests
8
Q
Rely on specific interaction between antibodies and antigens
-for rapid detection of numerous organisms
ELISA-enzyme linkes immunosorbant assay
A
Serology
9
Q
Relatedness of an organism can be determined by similarity of nucleotide sequenced
-measures sequence homology
A
DNA hybridization
10
Q
expressed in in G:C content
A
DNA base ratio
11
Q
Identifies organisms based on antibiotic susceptibility
-disc
A
Antibiograms
12
Q
Gram negative (low GC%) Gram positive (high GC%)
A
Firmicutes-Clostridium, Streptococcus
Actinobacteria
13
Q
Proteobacteria. Grouped in Alpha to epsilon
-spirochetes, bacteriodetes, plantomycetes, chlamydiae
A
gram negative
14
Q
oxidise reduced chemicals to produce energy
- use alternate terminal electron acceptor other than oxygen ex/ carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds
- ususally members of the domain Archaea
A
Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
15
Q
A anerobic chemilithotroph, Members of domain Archae
- commonly found in sewage, swamps marine sedements and digestive tract of mammels
- HIGHLY SENSITIVE TO OXYGEN
A
Methanogens
16
Q
Sulfur and sulfate-reducing bacteria use sulfer as terminal electron acceptors
- responsible for rotten egg smell
- generally found in mud rich organic matter and sulfur
- ex/ Desulfovibrio
A
Anaerobic respiration
Phylum: Delta Proteobacteria
17
Q
Members of genus Clostridium- gram pos rods-low GC
- produce endospores
- common inhabitants of soice
A
Fermentation
18
Q
lactic acid bacteria are gram positive organisms that produce lactic acid as an end produce of fermentation
- includes streptococcus, enterococcus, lactococcus, lactobacillus, leuconostoc
- most grow in aerobic environments but are obligate fermenters
A
Fermentation
19
Q
produce propionic acid as end product of fermentation
- essential to production of swiss cheese; also acne
- can extract residual energy from waste product of other organisms
A
Propionibacterium
Actinobacteria
20
Q
Anoxygenic Phototrophs
- gram negative organisms
- prefer hydrogen sulfife to generate reducing power
- MOST are strict anaerobes and phototrophs
A
Purple sulfur bacteria
21
Q
Anoxygenic Phototroph
- found in variety of aquatic habitats
- moist soil,bogs and paddy fiels
- PREFER TO USE H2S in production of reducing power THIS DEISTIGUISHES THEM
- can grow aerobically in the presence of light
A
Purple non-sulfur bacteria (alpha and beta)
Rhodobacter
22
Q
Anoxygenic Phototroph
- gram negative organism, found in habitats similar to purple sulfur bacteris
- use hydrogen sulfide as a souce of electron
- ALL ARE STRICT ANAEROBES AND STRICTLY PHOTROPHIC
A
Green sulfur bacteria
Bacteriodetes
23
Q
use water as a souce of electrons
- cyanobacteria thought to be earliest organism of group
- harvest sunlight to produce organic compounds through conversion of carbon dioxide
- able to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia
A
Oxygenic Phototrophs
24
Q
includes sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, nitrifiers, and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria
A
Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
25
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Mycobacterim
Pseudomonas
Nocardia
Thermus
Deinococcus
```
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
26
gram positive
acid fast
Actinobacteria
Mycobacterium
27
gram negative rods
motile and often pigmentes
common opportunistic pathnogen
Protobacteria Gamma
Pseudomonas
28
gram positive rod
the "other" acid fast organism
Actinobacteria
Nocardia
29
Both have scientific and commercial uses
-produces Taq polymerase
-used to clean up radioactive contamination
Deincoccus Thermus
Thermus sp. and Deinococcus sp.
30
preferentially use aerobic respiration
- Corynebacterium
- inhabit soil, water and surface of plants
- Enterobacteriacea-coliforms
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
31
Methanogens: Produce CH4 and H2O: Methospirillium can be harvested and used for heating and generating electricity
Anaerobic Chemoorganotrpohs
32
gram negative sulfur reducing bacteria that has curved rod morphology
Desulfovibro sp.
33
anaerobic chemoorganotroph
Desulfovibro
34
need a carbon source but efficiently use alternative electron acceptors for energy production
Anaerobic Chemoorganotroph
35
production of by products of fermentation will ass to increased diversity in chemical environment and will also be efficient scavengers
Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs: Fermenters
36
is a gram positive spore former that cause botulism, tetanus and gangrene
Clostridium sp.
37
is a gram positive does not form spores but does have a characteristic chain morphology and is a lactic acid bacteria
Streptococcus sp.
38
Anerobic Fermenters
Clostridium and Streptococcus
39
will not produce oxygen but will harvest energy from the sun or from new environment
Anoxygenic Phototrophs
40
chromatium and Thiospirillum are both members of a metabolic classification named for their color and the fact that they accumulate intracellular grannules of sulfur
purple sulfur bacteria
41
Anocygenic Phototrophs
Purple sulfur bacteria ex/ chromatium thiosiprllium
42
this group includes Rhodobacter, they are Gram negatice organisms that use sulfur compound as electron acceptors but DO NOT accumulate intracellular grannlues of sulfur
purple non-sulfur bacteria
43
Provide oxygen and organic carbon molecules and fix nitrogen ex/ Anabaena, Synechococcus
Oxygenic Phototrophs
44
survive the oxygen produced get energy from sulfur rich compounds some solubilize essesntial metals for further growth of organisms! Others provide more nitrogen fixation
ex/ Acidothiobacillus and Nitromonas, Nitrobacter
Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
45
Class of incredibly diverse organisms that thrive with member and species able to fully populate almost all environmental niches
ex/ Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, Deinococcus
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
46
Methanogens: Methanospirillium sp
Anaerobic Chemolithotrophs
47
Sulfur reducing bacteria ex/ Desulfovibrio sp.
Anaerobic Chemoorganotroph
48
Clostridium and Streptococcus
Anaerobic fermenters
49
purple sulfur ex/ Chromatium and Thiospirillim and non sulfur bacteria ex/ Rhodobacter
Anocygenic Phototrophs
50
anabaena, Synechococcus
Oxygenic Phototrophs
51
Acidohiobacillus and Nitromonas, Nitrobacter
Aerobic Chemolithotrophs
52
Micrococccis, Psuedomonas, Deinococcus
Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs
53
examples of unusual organisms that are resistant to extreme environemtns
dienococcus radiodurans
54
bacteria form chains encased in tube which enables them o make an "artifically favored habitat what are examples
Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix
55
prey on other organisms
Bdellovibrio
56
establish relationships with oter animals for food and protection
Bioluminescent bacteria
57
live inside protected confines of protozoa
Legionella
58
move via axial filaments in corkscrew motion
spitochetes
59
form volutin granules to store phosphate
spirillum
60
found in high salt environments
| -Halobacterim, Halorubrum, Natronobacterum and Natronococcus
extreme halophiles
61
found in regions ofvolcanic and thermal vents as well as sulfurous fissures and hot springs
extreme thermophiles
62
grow at temperatures as high as 97 C
Methanothermus
63
grows beterrn 90 and 113 C
Pyrolobus fumarii
64
grow only above 50 C
| -also require pH between 1 and 6
Sulfolobus
65
grow at extremely high temperature and low pH
| -two groups: Thermoplasma and Picrophilus
Thermophilic extreme acidophiles
66
grow optimally at pH of 2
Thermoplasma
67
Optimal growth below pH 1
Picrophils
68
significant component of the skin flora
Staphylococcal sp
69
transmites person to person without arthropod vector
Coxiella
70
Rickettsia, Orientia and Ehrlicia are
intracellular paracites, usuallu tics or lice
71
host defences that include barriers, sensor moleules and phagocytic cells
ex/ Macrophages eat foreign particles, complement system to destroy microbes
Innate Immunity
72
Protection develops/ matures throughout life: mediated by B-cells and T cells ex/ long term memory
Adaptive Immunity
73
organisms that can cause disease in otherwise healthy people
pathnogens
74
microbes that cause disease when the bodys defences are down
opportnistic pathnogens
75
quantitative term refering to pathogen's disease causing ability
virulent- organisms more likley to cause disease
76
causes diarrhea
vibrio
77
causes coughing
bordetella pertusis
78
often major cause of damage to infected host
| -so fatal damage can occur before adequate immune response mounted
exotoxins
79
cause damage to nervous sytem
| -major symptom is paralysis
Neurotoxins
80
damage to the intestins and tissues of digestive tracts
| -major symtoms is vomiting and diarrhea
enerotoxins
81
damage to a variety of cells
| -by lysis
cytotoxins
82
potent membrane damaging toxins
Phosphoipases
83
LPS of a Gram-negative cell wall is an
| -RESPONSIBLE FOR SEPTIC SHOCK
endotoxin
| -heat stable
84
PTG and other cell wall components can elicit symptoms similar to those seen with
endotoxic shock
85
mechanism used to overcome immune response termed
mechanisms of pathogenicity
86
production of toxins that are ingested
| -foodborne toxin
clostridium and staphylococcus
87
invasion of host tissue
streptococcus pyogenes
88
penetrate barriers and multiples in tissues
mycobacterium tuberculosus and Yersina pestis
89
organisms multiply in high numbers on host surface then produced toxin that interfered wih cell function
E.coli and Virbrio cholerae
90
Numerous genera that inhabit sole can form RESTING STAGES that enable
survival in dry periods
| -ex/ endospores, cytsts, fruiting bodies, and mycelium
91
Have rigid stalk on mother cell that produces from the cell the end is called
hold fast
