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Therapeutic Massage, Beck > Chapter 5 System 4 Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 System 4 Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

The two divisions of the vascular system.

A

Cardiovascular (blood-vascular) system
Includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels

Lymphatic (lymph-vascular) system
Consists of lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatics through which the lymph circulates

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Is a network of structures including the heart, blood vessels, and blood that pumps and carries blood throughout the body

Closed circuit system that continuously circulated the blood throughout the body

In the capillaries there is a constant and extensive interchange of fluids and the substances they contain

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3
Q

Pericardium

A

Is a double-layered membrane that encloses the heart

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

Is the protective outer layer of the heart

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Is the cardiac muscle

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6
Q

Endocardium

A

Is the thin, innermost layer of the heart

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7
Q

The heart

A

Is a muscular, conical-shaped organ, about the size of a closed fist

Located in the chest cavity between the lungs and behind the sternum

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8
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains a serous fluid so that the heart is supported in position and at the same time allowed to move frictionlessly as it continually pulsates

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9
Q

Septum

A

Is the wall that separates the heart’s chambers

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10
Q

Circulatory system

A

Or vascular system controls the circulation of the blood and lymph throughout the body by means of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels

The primary function of the circ system is to supply body cells with nutrient materials and carry away waste products

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11
Q

Try
Pulling
My
Aorta

A

Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Mitral valve or bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve

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12
Q

tricuspid valve

A

of the heart allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle

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13
Q

pulmonary semilunar

A

of the heart directs blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries

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14
Q

bicuspid or mitral valve

A

of the heart allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle

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15
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

of the heart permits the blood to be pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta

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16
Q

Order of blood vessels

A

arteries > arterioles > capillaries O2 >

venules CO2 > veins

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17
Q

arteries

A

are thick-walled muscular and elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart

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18
Q

arterioles

A

small blood vessels between the arteries and the capillaries

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19
Q

capillaries

A

are the smallest blood vessels and connect arterioles with the venules

two-way transportation of substances

takes in O2

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20
Q

venules

A

are microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins

takes in co2

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21
Q

veins

A

are thinner-walled blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood and waste-laden blood from capillaries back to the heart

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22
Q

all blood in arteries is O2 except ____ ____.

A

pulmonary artery (co2)

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23
Q

all blood in veins is co2 except ____ ____.

A

pulmonary vein (O2)

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24
Q

impulses from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nervous system help to…

A

regulate the force of contraction and the heart rate

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25
Q

in a normal human adult, the heart beats about __ to __ times a minute.

A

60 to 80

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26
Q

aorta

A

is the main artery of the body

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27
Q

vasoconstriction

A

is the contraction of the arterial walls

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28
Q

vasodilation

A

is the relaxation and enlargement of the arterial walls

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29
Q

diffusion

A

is a process in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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30
Q

blood vessels

A

the construction of all blood vessels, except the capillaries, are similar

endothelium is the inner most layer of blood vessels

the middle layer is smooth muscle

the outer layer is tough, protective connective tissue

the farther from the heart, the finer and more delicate the vessels become

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31
Q

capillary walls

A

are made up of only a single layer of simple squamous epithelium to allow the passage of nutrients and wastes from and into the bloodstream

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32
Q

how many miles of continuous blood vessels make up an adults circulatory system?

A

60,000 miles

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33
Q

the ____ and ____ have thicker walls than those of the ____ and ____.

A

arteries and arterioles

veins and venules

34
Q

what is the main artery of the body?

A

aorta

35
Q

the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the arteries and arterioles is

A

richly supplied with nerves from the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system

36
Q

arteries vary in size from…

A

the aorta, which is about an inch in diameter

the capillaries, which the walls are just a single cell thick and only large enough to pass one blood cell at a time

37
Q

vasomotor nerves

A

cause the smooth muscles of the arterial walls to contract, reducing the diameter of the vessel.
this action is called vasoconstriction

38
Q

changes in the diameter of the vessels affect the ____ ____ and ____.

A

blood pressure and flow

39
Q

what is the most important function of the capillaries?

A

the two-way transportation of substances between the flowing blood and the tissue fluids surrounding the cells.

40
Q

how do substances move through the capillary walls?

A

by the process of diffusion, filtration, or osmosis.

of these, diffusion is the most prevalent

41
Q

filtration

A

is a process in which blood pressure pushes fluids and substances through the capillary wall and into the tissue spaces

42
Q

venous pump

A

when muscles contact and exert external pressure on the veins, which tends to collapse them. As the vein is repeatedly collapsed, the blood is forced along through the system of valves toward the heart.

massage strokes are very effective at encouraging the blood to move through the veins and therefore should always be directed to follow the venous blood flow toward the heart.

43
Q

what are the main sources of blood supply to the head, face, and neck?

A

the common carotid arteries

44
Q

the blood is in constant circulation. what are the two systems involved in circulation?

A

pulmonary and systemic

45
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

is the blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back again to the heart

46
Q

general or systemic circulation

A

is the blood circulation from the left side of the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart

47
Q

the course that blood travels

A 
superior and inferior vena cava >
right atrium or auricle >
tricuspid valve > 
right ventricle >
pulmonary semilunar valve > 
pulmonary arteries  >
lungs >
pulmonary veins >
left atrium or auricle >
bicuspid or mitral valve >
left ventricle >
aortic semilunar valve >
aorta >
major arteries of the body expect the lungs >
arterioles >
capillaries (drops off nutrients, and picks up waste) >
venules >
veins >
REPEAT
48
Q

atherosclerosis

A

is characterized by an accumulation of plaque (fatty deposits) on the inner walls of the arteries

there are really no outward symptoms until it has progressed to the point that a related condition appears

49
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

walls tend to thicken, become fibrous, and lose their elasticity

50
Q

what increases the chances of developing atherosclerosis?

A 
family history
high blood pressure
high cholesterol level
sedentary lifestyle
smoking
51
Q

occlusion of a coronary artery is common and results in

A

angina pectoris or heart attack or myocardial infarction

52
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

53
Q

embolus

A

blood clot breaks free

54
Q

stroke

A

embolism (blood clot) in the brain

55
Q

heart attack

A

embolism (blood clot) in the heart

Myocardial infarction

Due to atherosclerosis, narrowed vessels, or an embolism

Seriousness depends on location and the extent of tissue damage

Symptoms; pressure or arching around the heart, often radiating into the left arm, back, and jaw

Nearly 50% of people die before getting to the hospital

Contraindicated in acute stage
Rehab with physician

56
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

embolism (blood clot) in the lungs

57
Q

persons with advanced or diagnosed atherosclerosis

A

circulatory massage is contraindicated

58
Q

phlebitis

A

is an inflammation of a vein that can result from injury, surgery, or infection

symptoms include pain and inflammation along the course of the vein and swelling

59
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

signifies the presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in an inflamed vein

usually occur in lower extremities and can affect the superficial or deep veins

vein is tender to the touch and feels like a hard cord

60
Q

aneurysm

A

is a local distention or ballooning of an artery from a weakening wall

most common in the abdominal or thoracic cavity
occasionally in the cranium

usually asymptomatic but can cause feeling of pressure, pain, or edema, depending on location.
can cause internal bleeding

massage is contraindicated

61
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke

caused by a disturbance in the cerebral circulation

can be cause by an embolism, atherosclerosis, hemorrhage, or a ruptured aneurysm

symptoms vary according to the area of the brain affected; unilateral weakness, paralysis, numbness, confusion, blurred or double vision.

partial to full paralysis to one side of the body, possible memory loss, vision loss, loss speech, changed personality

massage in the acute stage is contraindicated
can help in rehab under physicians supervision

25% no lasting effects
50% result in some physical impairment
25% of strokes are fatal

62
Q

what are the stroke stats?

A

25% no lasting effects
50% result in some physical impairment
25% of strokes are fatal

63
Q

Varicose veins

A

Protruding, bulbous, distended superficial veins, particularly in the lower legs

Prolonged standing or blockage causes veins to enlarge and stretch

Often results in edema

Contraindicated, lightest massage

64
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise is superficial

Is a mass of blood trapped in some tissue or cavity of the body and is the result of internal bleeding

Contraindicated during acute stages

65
Q

Edema

A

Is a condition of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces

Characterized by swelling of the tissues because of excess fluid

Associated with a weakened heart, congested liver, chemical imbalance, or a local injury or infection

Local contradiction

66
Q

The blood

A

Is the nutritive fluid circulating throughout the blood-vascular system

Salty and sticky, has an alkaline reaction

Maintains temperature of 98.6°f (37°c)

11 pints of blood***
1/16 - 1/20 of body weight = pints of blood

Skin can hold as much as 50% of blood in the body

67
Q

Chief functions of blood

A

Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to all areas of the body

Carries away co2 and waste products to excretory channels

Helps equalize body temp

Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections (white blood cells)

It coagulates (clots)

68
Q

Composition of blood

A

Liquid connective tissue consisting of a fluid component (blood plasma) and a solid component that consists of red corpsucles, white corpuscles, and blood platelets

Plasma constitutes from 50-60% of the blood volume

69
Q

Red blood cell

A

Red corpuscles
Erythrocyte

Double concave disk-shaped cells colored with a substance called hemoglobin

Hemoglobin carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport co2 from cells to the lungs

Formed in the red bone marrow

Account for about 98% of blood cells

70
Q

White blood cell

A

White corpuscles
Leukocyte

Larger in size, colorless, shape shift

Produced in the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

Most importantly, they protect the body against disease by combating different infectious and toxic agents. Engulf and digest harmful elements

71
Q

Hemeglobin

A

An iron-protein compound in red blood cells capable of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the cells and co2 from the cells

72
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Is a process in which leukocytes engulf and digest harmful bacteria

73
Q

Immune system

A

Helps to protect the body and keep it safe from pathogens and disease

74
Q

Blood platelets

A

Thrombocytes

Are colorless irregular bodies, much smaller than red corpuscles

Formed in the red bone marrow

Play an important role in clotting of the blood

75
Q

Serotonin

A

Platelets release serotonin, which is a vasoconstrictor that causes a vascular spasm that temporarily closed the blood vessel

76
Q

Fibrin

A

Tissue damage causes an enzyme to be released that acts on one of the components in the plasma (fibrogen) to activate and form threads of fibrin

Forms mesh work
Which entrap other platelets and blood cells in a blood clot

77
Q

Plasma

A

Fluid component of the blood

Straw like in color

Red and white corpuscles, platelets are suspended

~90% of plasma is water
7% proteins
1.5% other substances

Regulated fluid imbalance and pH
Transport nutrients and gases
Derived from food and water

78
Q

Hemophilia

A

Is a disease characterized by extremely slow clotting of blood and excessive bleeding from even very slight cuts

Hereditary

Men are chief sufferers, women can transmit this condition to their sons

79
Q

Anemia

A

Several conditions in which there is a rapid loss or inadequate production of red blood cells.

Results in a lack of body strength and paleness

More of a symptom of a condition than an actual disease

80
Q

Different types of anemia (5)

A 
Nutritional anemia
Pernicious anemia
Hemorrhagic anemia
Aplastic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
81
Q

Nutritional anemia

A

Can be due to dietary deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or B12

82
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

X

Therapeutic Massage, Beck (13 decks)

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