Chapter 5-The Dairy Industry

Question 0

What is the Luis pasture

Answer 0

Pasteurizing and kills bacteria

Question 1

What are the benefits of milk and milk products

Answer 1

• easily digestible, high quality protein
• minerals
• vitamins

Question 2

What is condensed milk

Answer 2

Takes water out of milk, keeps important nutrients

Question 3

What is a cream separator

Answer 3

Pulls fat to make butter

Question 4

What is the Babcock cream test

Answer 4

Test amount of fat, used to price

Question 5

What is homogenization.

Answer 5

Force milk through screen to separate milk globules

Question 6

What are some major developments in the dairy industry

Answer 6

• milking machine
• improved method of processing milk
• mechanical refrigeration

Question 7

What are the leading states

Answer 7

• California
• Wisconsin
• New York
• Idaho
• Pennsylvania

Question 8

What is the percent of milk used and what is the percent of milk by- products

Answer 8

44% for milk and 56% milk by-products

Question 9

What was the total milk production in 2005

Answer 9

601 lbs dairy products per person

- more low fat or non fat and less whole milk

Question 10

What has happened milk production since 1959

Answer 10

Number how cows have decreased,however, we have more milk production than ever before. We have become more efficient

Question 11

How many milk cows in 2010

Answer 11

9.12 million

Question 12

What do newborn dairy cows need and how much of it

Answer 12

Colostrum and 4 lbs

Question 13

When the calf is born, what happens to it

Answer 13

• separated from dam and dam is milked and managed with producing herd.
• fed colostrum for 2 to 3 days

Question 14

What happens to the extra colostrum

Answer 14

• cannot be sold as milk to consumer

- frozen or diluted-2 parts colostrum: 1 part milk and fed to calves

Question 15

Explain how a calf’s environment should be

Answer 15

• keep calf in clean, dry, draft-free housing

- change to whole milk or milk replacement and change is over time

Question 16

What are some calf feeding procedures

Answer 16

• do not overfeed
• feed regularly
• keep feeding equipment and pens clean
• feed at same temperature

Question 17

What are some more calf feeding procedures

Answer 17

• must receive milk or milk replacer until they are 6 to 8 weeks old
• weaning depends on on functional rumen
  - feed calf starter(concentrate mix) and high quality hay beginning at seven days of age
  - fresh clean water always available

Question 18

What is a nurse cow

Answer 18

A nurse cow used to nurse calves, two or more calves on one cow because she produces too much for one calf

Question 19

What is the whole milk system and what is the problem with it

Answer 19

You hand feed while milk to calves, it costs too much

Question 20

What is the milk replacer system

Answer 20

Feed calves milk replacer and it is 1/3 the cost of whole milk

Question 21

When is a heifer able to begin lactation

Answer 21

24 months of age and is pregnant by 14 or 15 months of age

Question 22

What are heifers fed for growth

Answer 22

• feed concentrates: 3 to 4 lbs per day

- high quality pasture or freed choice hay up to one year of age

Question 23

In what condition should replacement heifers be in

Answer 23

Should be in good condition, however, should never be too fat. Fat accumulates in the udder.

Question 24

Describe the care of a cow during gestation

Answer 24

- enter milking string( when the heifer joins milking heard at 2 years)at 2 years of age - bred heifers should be kept in good condition on pasture or hay with concentrates is necessary

Question 25

What is a springer

Answer 25

Heifers within 1 to 3 months of calving

Question 26

What is a dry cow

Answer 26

Cow not being milked 50 to 69 days before calving | -allows mammary system and cow to recover from previous lactation

Question 27

What is the heifer and dry cow care 2 months before calving

Answer 27

- heifers are kept with dry cow prior to calving - heifers and dry cows put on good pasture or fed good quality hay(alfalfa for example) - give concentrates only if necessary - important for high producing cows to gain weight prior to calving and lactation - must feed extra during late lactation - good pasture or high quality hay is given free choice

Question 28

How long is normal lactation and how much is produced at peak lactation

Answer 28

305 days, 35 kg or 2.2 lbs, 10-12 gallons a day

Question 29

When is the greatest lactation achieved

Answer 29

- after calving | - four to six weeks after calving maximum production is reached

Question 30

How do you feed lactating females

Answer 30

- high quality legumes or other roughage with high quality concentrate - feed a lot of concentrates to fresh cows - do not exceed 60% concentrate in a ration because it will drop milk fat

Question 31

When do you rebreed the lactating cow

Answer 31

-fifty to sixty days are required before a cow can rebreed, usually with AI

Question 32

What are dairy records and what dies the USDA do with them

Answer 32

- Dairy cows production is measured by corrected lactation records - USDA calculates and publishes his data on cows in relationship to the bull

Question 33

How many parts is the udder divided into

Answer 33

4

Question 34

Describe where milk is secreted

Answer 34

Milk is secreted by - individual secretory "grape-like" units called alveoli. - alveoli consists of epithelial cells - epithelial cells secrete milk

Question 35

What is a lobule

Answer 35

A cluster of alveoli

Question 36

Where does milk drain into

Answer 36

Mammary ducts

Question 37

What is the gland cistern

Answer 37

- where all the mammary ducts intersect | - milk drains from the gland cistern through annular ring sphincter muscle of the upper teat to the teat cistern

Question 38

What is the streak canal

Answer 38

Opening from the teat cistern to the outside

Question 39

What supports the mammary gland

Answer 39

Suspensory ligaments

Question 40

How much blood is needed to synthesize 1 lb of milk and when is synthesis most rapid

Answer 40

- 300 to 500 lbs of blood passes through the udder | - synthesis of milk is most rapid immediately after milking

Question 41

How large does the udder increase in size between milking

Answer 41

Increases to 1/3 it's size

Question 42

What is the relationship is pressure and milk secretion

Answer 42

As pressure increases in the gland, milk secretion decreases

Question 43

What is milk let down

Answer 43

- expulsion of milk from alveoli and ducts | - it is a nervous reflex by various stimuli

Question 44

What kinds of stimulus are used to start milk let down

Answer 44

- suckling, auditory, and visual stimulus | - washing the mammary gland

Question 45

What does the stimulus do

Answer 45

Releases oxytocin from the posterior pituitary - reaches the udder in a fee seconds - it causes contraction of the tissue of the alveoli and small ducts forcing milk into the large duct system

Question 46

How long does milk let down last

Answer 46

-6 to 8 minutes

Question 47

What is residual milk

Answer 47

-milk leftover after normal milking

Question 48

How many times a day is a cow milked

Answer 48

2,3, or 4 times

Question 49

What is the process of milking

Answer 49

- pre-milking sanitation - milker attachment and removal - post-milking sanitation