Chapter 6 - Lesson 1 Flashcards
Protein Structure
What is the second most abundant molecule in fat-free bodily tissues?
protein, water is first
What are some functions throughout the body proteins are responsible for?
acid-base balance, energy production, cell signaling, nutrient transport
What is the process of achieving, or the state of, equilibrium between acidic and akaline molecules?
acid-base balance
What is the process of communication between cells by biological messengers to govern cellular function?
Cell signaling
What is protein made of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (amino acids); protein is an organic molecule
What are the organic building blocks of proteins containing both a carboxyl and an amino group?
amino acids
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that are necessary for bodily functions but cannot be synthesized by the body and, therefore, must be obtained in the diet: HISTIDINE; LYSINE; METHIONINE; PHENYLALNINE; THREONINE; TRYPTOPHAN (+ BRANCHED CHAIN)
What are branched chain amino acids?
The three essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) which are abundant in skeletal muscle tissue and named for their branch-like structure: ISOLEUCINE; LEUCINE; VALINE (ESSENTIAL)
What are conditionally essential amino acids?
Amino acids that are not typically essential, but can become essential during times of extreme dietary insufficiency, illness, or trauma: ARGININE; CYSTEINE; GLUTAMINE; GLYCINE; PROLINE; TYROSINE
What are nonessential amino acids?
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet: ALANINE; ASPARAGINE; ASPARTIC ACID; CLUTAMIC ACID; SERINE
What is protein synthesis?
the process by which amino acids are joined together to for proteins; muscle
What chemical reaction occurs during protein synthesis to bond amino acids?
dehydration synthesis
What is a peptide bond?
The bond between two amino acids, occurring between the carboxyl group of one and the amino group of the other.
What is hydrolysis?
Breakdown of one large molecule into two smaller molecules via the donation of one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group from water to the smaller molecules, respectively.
What are amino acids called when they are joined according to number?
dipeptide (2); tripeptide (3); oligopeptide (4-9); polypeptides (10+)
The human body is in a constant state of both protein synthesis (__) and protein breakdown (__).
anabolic; catabolic
What is the molecular component that makes each individual amino acid unique?
side chain
Which of the following amino acids is essential in the human diet?
leucine
Which protein is one of the largest polypeptides in the body and gives muscles their property of elasticity?
titin
What are the three major muscle proteins?
myosin (6,000 amino acids); actin (400 amino acids); titin (30,000 amino acids)
