Chapter 7 Learning & Reward

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Acquisition of new knowledge from EXPERIENCE that results in PERMANENT CHANGE

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Repeated exposure to stimulus –> reduction in response

Question 3

Sensitization

Answer 3

Exposure to stimulus –> increased response to another

Question 4

John B Watson

Answer 4

Behaviouralist movement

Question 5

Behaviouralism

Answer 5

Against consciousness, mental states, mind, content, imagery

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 6

Salivation of dogs

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

Neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that produces a response

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 8

Reliably produces naturally occurring reaction

Question 9

Unconditioned Response

Answer 9

Reflexive reaction produced by unconditioned response

Question 10

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 10

Previously neutral stimulus that produces response after being paired with US

Question 11

Conditioned Response

Answer 11

Resembles unconditioned response but produced by CS

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

Stage when CS and US are paired together

Question 13

Second-Order Conditioning

Answer 13

CS with a stimulus associated with US

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

Gradual elimination of a learned response when CS is presented without US

Question 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

CR is observed with slightly different CS

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

Ability to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Question 18

Little Albert Case

Answer 18

1 Complex can be conditioned
2 Emotions can be conditioned
3 Humans can be conditioned

Question 19

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 19

Conditioning works better with unfamiliar CS because there aren’t expectations attached yet

Question 20

Thompson

Answer 20

Eyeblinking conditioning of the cerebellum

Question 21

Biological Preparedness

Answer 21

Propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

Question 22

Operant Conditioning

Answer 22

Consequences of organism’s behaviour determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Question 23

Thorndike

Answer 23

Instrumental behaviours

Question 24

Law of Effect

Answer 24

Behaviours that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

Question 25

Operant Behaviour

Answer 25

Behaviour with impact on environment

Question 26

Skinner Operant Conditioning Chamber

Answer 26

Allows a researcher to study the behaviour of small organisms in a controlled environment

Question 27

Reinforcer

Answer 27

Stimulus that increases likelihood of a behaviour

Question 28

Punisher

Answer 28

Stimulus that decreases likelihood of a behaviour

Question 29

Stimulus Control

Answer 29

Stimulus controls the behaviour

Question 30

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 30

Stimulus that indicates a response will be reinforced

Question 31

Three-Term Contingency

Answer 31

In presence of discriminative stimulus, a response produces a reinforcer

Question 32

Interval Schedules

Answer 32

Time intervals between reinforcements

Question 33

Ratio Schedules

Answer 33

Ratio of responses to reinforcements

Question 34

Intermittent Reinforcement Effect

Answer 34

Operant behaviours that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better

Question 35

Shaping

Answer 35

Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

Question 36

Tolman

Answer 36

Means-ends relationship; stimulus establishes a cognitive state (and not a direct response)

Question 37

Latent Learning

Answer 37

Something is learned, but is not manifested

Question 38

Cognitive Map

Answer 38

Mental representation of physical features of environment

Question 39

Pleasure Centers

Answer 39

Brain areas in limbic system associated with positive experiences

Question 40

Observational Learning

Answer 40

Learning by watching actions of others

Question 41

Diffusion Chain

Answer 41

Individuals initially learn a behaviour by observing another individual perform that behaviour, and then serve as a model for others

Question 42

Enculturation Hypothesis

Answer 42

Being raised in a human culture has a profound effect on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees

Question 43

Mirror Neurons

Answer 43

Type of neurons which fire when you watch someone else perform the same action

Question 44

Implicit Learning

Answer 44

Learning independent of awareness of both process and products