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Introduction to Psychology > Chapter 3 Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Neurons: The Origin of Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuron

A

Cells in nervous system that communicate with one another to perform info-processing tasks

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2
Q

Santiago Cajal

A

Used Golgi staining to highlight appearance of neurons

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3
Q

Cell Body

A

Largest component of the neuron that coordinates info-processing tasks and keeps cells alive

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive information

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5
Q

Axon

A

Carries information

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulating layer of fatty material

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7
Q

Glial Cells

A

Make up the sheath and act as support cells (e.g. digest parts of dead neurons, provide physical and nutritional support)

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8
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between axon and dendrite

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9
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive information from external world

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10
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Carry signals from spinal cord to the muscles

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11
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect sensory neurons and motor neutrons

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12
Q

Purjinke Cells

A

Type of interneuron that carries information from cerebellum to rest of brain (BUSH)

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13
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Type of interneuron found in cerebral cortex (LONG DENDRITE)

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14
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

Type of sensory neuron found in the retinas of the eye with single axon and single dendrite

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15
Q

Conduction

A

Movement of electric signal within neurons

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16
Q

Transmission

A

Movement of electric signal from one neuron to the other

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17
Q

Resting Potential

A

Difference in electric charge between inside and outside of neuron’s cell membrane

High K and A inside, high Na and Cl outside

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18
Q

Action Potential

A

Electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to synapse

All or none

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19
Q

Refractory Period

A

Time following an action potential

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20
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Electric current jumps from node to node in saltatory conduction

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21
Q

Terminal Buttons

A

Contain vesicles with neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Receptors

A

Parts of cell membrane that receive neurotransmitters

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23
Q

Three Processes of Neurotransmitter Leaving

A

1 Reuptake
2 Deactivation
3 Bind to autoreceptors

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24
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Involved in voluntary motor control

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25
Dopamine
Involved in motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal
26
Glutamate
Involved in transmission of information between neurons; primary excitatory neurotransmitter (VS GABA)
27
Norepinephrine
Involved in states of vigilance and heightened awareness
28
Serotonin
Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggressive behaviour
29
Endorphin
Involved in pain pathways and emotion centers
30
Agonists
Drugs that increase the action of neurotransmitter
31
Antagonist
Drugs that block function of neurotransmitter
32
CNS
Composed of brain and spinal cord
33
PNS
Connects CNS to body's organs and muscles
34
Somatic Nervous System
Part of PNS that conveys information between voluntary and CNS
35
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of PNS that connects involuntary commands
36
Sympathetic Nervous System
Nerves that prepare the body for action in challenging or threatening situations
37
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Nerves that help the body return to normal resting state
38
Spinal Reflexes
Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contractions
39
Hindbrain
Area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord; stalk on which the rest of the brain sits; controls basic functions--respiration, alertness and motor skills
40
Medulla
Extension the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration
41
Reticular Formation
Regulates sleep wakefulness and levels of arousal
42
Cerebellum
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills
43
Pons
A structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
44
Midbrain
Contains: 1 Tectum - orients an organism in environment 2 Tegmentum - involed in movement arousal
45
Forebrain
Highest level of the brain that controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor functions
46
Cerebral Cortex
Outermost layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres
47
Subcortical Structures
Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain
48
Thalamus
Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex
49
Hypothalamus
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour
50
Pituitary Gland
Master gland of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of other glands
51
Oxytocin
Stimulates release of milk
52
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Released in time of stress, stimulates adrenal glands
53
Limbic System
Group of forebrain structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning and memory
54
Hippocampus
Critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge
55
Amygdala
Plays a central role in emotional processes, particularly the formation of emotional memories
56
Basal Ganglia
Directs intentional movements
57
Gyri
Smooth surfaces of the cortex
58
Sulci
Indentations or fissures
59
Corpus Callosum
Connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information
60
Occipital Lobe
Processes visual information
61
Parietal Lobe
Processes information about touch; includes somatosensory cortex
62
Homunculus
Illustrates the somatosensory cortex
63
Temporal Lobe
Processes auditory and language information
64
Frontal Lobe
Processes movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory and judgement
65
Association Areas
Composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex
66
Mirror Neurons
Activate when an animal performs a behaviour as well as when another animal observes the animal performing the behaviour
67
Ontogeny
How brain develops within an individual
68
Phylogeny
How brain develops within a particular species
69
Gene
Major unit of hereditary transmission
70
Chromosomes
Strands of DNA in double helix configuration
71
Epigenetics
Environmental influences that determine whether or not genes are expressed and the degree to which they are expressed
72
DNA Methylation
Adding methyl group to DNA
73
Histone Modification
Adding chemical modifications to proteins called histones that are involved in packaging DNA
74
Heritabilitity
Measure for variability of behavioural traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors
75
Phineas Gage
Change in personality after frontal lobe was affected
76
Roger Sperry
Studied people who had corpus collosum severed
77
Electrocephalograph
Device used to record electrical activity in the brain

Introduction to Psychology (13 decks)

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