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Psych 2005 (Section 5) > Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

Thinking, processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgment language, memory 

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2
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Part of psych interested in how people think

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3
Q

Concepts

A

Category/groupings of linguistic info, images, ideas, or memories

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4
Q

Why are concepts important?

A

Used them to see relationships among elements of your experiences in to keep info on your mind organize/accessible

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5
Q

Prototype

A

Best example/representation of a concept. .
Example 1st bird comes to mind is a regular burgers, we went think of penguins they’re not prototypical birds

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6
Q

Natural concepts

A

Naturally created the experiences, either direct or indirect
Example hurricanes are direct snow is indirect for Louisiana

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7
Q

Artificial concepts

A

Define by specific set of characteristics
Example geometric shapes a triangle always at three sides

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8
Q

Schema

A

Mental construct, consisting of cluster/collection of related concepts
- Help, organizing info in brain

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9
Q

Role schema

A

Makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Always a possibility of a person may differ from their assume roll

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10
Q

Event, schema, a.k.a. cognitive script

A

Set a behaviors that feel like a routine
Ex what I do when I enter class
Behaviors become automatic, make them difficult to change
Ex driving to work on a day off

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11
Q

Language

A

Communication system using word/stomach rules to organize words to transmit info
All animals communicate; but only humans use language

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12
Q

Lexicon

A

Words of a given language (vocabulary)

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13
Q

Grammar

A

Set of rules that are used to convey meaning through use of lexicon

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14
Q

Phonemes

A

Basic sound unit of a given language; different languages have different sets of phonemes

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15
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest unit of a language I have a
Ex : prefixes, root word, and suffixes

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16
Q

Semantics

A

Process which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Sally hit the car versus the car hit Sally

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17
Q

Syntax

A

Way words organized into sentences

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18
Q

Infinite generativity

A

Ability to produce endless numbers of meaningful sentences, using a finite set at a word/rules
- every sentence has already been said

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19
Q

Skinner

A

Behaviorism: regards infant as starting from scratch and learning behaviors, based on responses or conditioning of those around them
Children produce speech we hope they never heard

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20
Q

Chomsky

A

Innatist theory: points out that learning from scratch can account for speed with which kids learn language, norther, generative ways of using it

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21
Q

Universal, grammar,

A

Oh world languages share a similar underlying structure

  • facilities, language in kids, less language processing in adults
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22
Q

Language acquisition device

A

Neural system of brain hypnotized to permitted understanding of a language

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23
Q

Prelinguistic communication

A

Sounds facial expressions, gestures, imitation, etc. that provide meaning without words

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24
Q

Milestones of language development

A

Crying, cooing, babbling gestures, first words

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25
Q

First words

A

10-18 months of age

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26
Q

First sentences

A

18 to 24 months

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27
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Extension of a Language rule, to exception to the rule

Example seeing gooses mouses instead of saying geese mice, which shows that they’re learning basic rules

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28
Q

Problem-solving strategies

A

Plan of action used to find a solution

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29
Q

Trial and error

A

Continue trying different solution to a problem is solved

30
Q

Algorithm

A

Step-by-step, problem-solving, formula

31
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts used to solve problems
Rule of thumb/guesstimation

32
Q

Impulse to use heuristic occurs when 1 of five conditions are met

A

Too much info, trying to make decision limited an important decision little info, making decision appropriate heuristic happens to come to mind in the same moment

33
Q

Working backwards

A

Begin solving problem by focusing on end result

34
Q

Mental set 

A

Persist in approaching a problem in a way that work in the past but not working now

35
Q

Functional fixedness

A

Camper, Stephen object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Using butter knife as screwdriver

36
Q

Anchoring bias

A

Focus on one piece of info and make a decision of solving problem
Being unable to stop focusing on a price on higher price is better benefits

37
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

38
Q

Hindsight bias

A

Believing you could’ve foreseen an outcome

39
Q

Representative bias

A

Unintentionally, stereotype, someone or some thing because if it’s your idea of what the person should be

40
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Make a decision based on an example info, or recent experience that is readily available

41
Q

Spearman’s G or general intelligence

A

Consisted of one general factor which can be measured/compared among people

42
Q

Fluid intelligence (use)

A

Ability to deal with new problems and situation

43
Q

Crystallized intelligence (store)

A

Store of information, skills and strategies people have gained through education in prior experiences and previous use of fluid intelligence

44
Q

Analytical intelligence

A

Flexible people process analyze info

45
Q

Robert Sternberg developed the triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

46
Q

Creative intelligence

A

Insightful component

47
Q

Practical intelligence

A

Demands of every day environment

48
Q

Howard Gardner

A

Multiple intelligence theory

49
Q

emotional intelligence

A

skills that underlie accurate assessment evaluation, expression, regulation of emotions

50
Q

cultural intelligence

A

how well you relate to the values of another cuklture exemplifies your cultural intelligence sometimes referred to as cultural competence

51
Q

creativity

A

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

52
Q

divergent thinking

A

described as “thinking outside box” allows ppl to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem

53
Q

convergent thinking

A

ability to provide a correct or well-established answer ot solution to a problem

54
Q

binet test

A

way to identify kids w. special assisstance

55
Q

intelligencde test

A

diagnostic tool designed to measure overall thinking ability

56
Q

intelligence quotient IQ

A

score describes kid’s performance
- chronological age w/ mental age

57
Q

standardization

A

manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of result is consistent

58
Q

norming

A

giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups \

59
Q

wechsler scales

A

provide separate measures of verbal and performance (or nonverbal) skills as well as total score

60
Q

mental age

A

typical intelligence level found for ppl at a given chronological age

61
Q

chronological (physical) age

A

actual age

62
Q

original formula

A

mental age/chronological age X 100 = IQ
- no longer in use
- once we hit 16 our performance doesn’t increase by much (levels off)

63
Q

deviation IQ scores

A

based on how someone deviates from average IQ of 100

64
Q

__ of ppl fall w/in 15 points of average (100)

A

2/3
- score above 130 = gifted
- score below 70 = “developmentally delayed”

65
Q

brain size correlates w/ intelligence __ species, while its uncorrelated w/ intelligence __ species (including humans)

A

across/within

66
Q

cortex of kids thicken fast; peak ~ 12

A

may indicate intelligent brains take longer to mature
- also smart kids (IQ in top 10%) 7-yr olds have thinner cerebral cortex than other kids

67
Q

range of rxn

A

each person responds to environment in a unique way based in their genetic makeup

68
Q

effects of poverty on intelligence

A

test scores of kids w/ supplements were way higher than kids w/out them

69
Q

learning disabilities

A

congnitive disorders that affect diff areas of cognition (particularly language or reading)

70
Q

dysgraphia

A

struggle to write legibly

71
Q

dyslexia

A

inability to correctly process lettersr

Psych 2005 (Section 5) (9 decks)

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