Paramedic > Chapter 8 Anat & Phys Part 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Anat & Phys Part 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The lining of the pleural cavity, which is attached tightly to the interior of the chest cage.

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2
Q

What is partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas in a mixture.

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3
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

The attachment of the lower extremities to the body, consisting of the sacrum and two pelvic bones.

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4
Q

What is the penis?

A

The cylindrical male sex organ; it conveys urine and semen through the urethra.

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5
Q

What are peptides?

A

Protein molecules consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

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6
Q

What is perception?

A

Becoming aware of or understanding something using the senses.

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7
Q

What is perfusion?

A

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs.

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

In the heart, a thin, double-layered membrane made up of the fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium.

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9
Q

What is perilymph?

A

Fluid within the bony labyrinth that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth while allowing transmission of pressure waves caused by sound.

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10
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves, responsible for communication between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

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11
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents along their length.

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12
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The double-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in the abdominopelvic cavity.

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13
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

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14
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis in which a cell surrounds a foreign particle and engulfs it.

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15
Q

What is phantom pain?

A

A sensation of pain in a part of the body that is no longer present.

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16
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The area between the nasal cavity and the larynx, located posterior to the oral cavity; the throat.

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17
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The appearance, health condition, or other characteristics associated with a particular genotype.

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18
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Lipid molecules that make up the cell membrane.

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19
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the processes and functions of the living organism.

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20
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

The innermost of the three meninges that enclose the brain and spinal cord; it rests directly on the brain and spinal cord.

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21
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

A gland in the brain that synthesizes and secretes melatonin, a hormone that affects patterns of sleep and wakefulness.

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22
Q

What is the pinna?

A

The external ear; the cartilage formation that protects the ear and collects sounds into the ear canal.

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23
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis in which the cell membrane sinks inward and ingests droplets of extracellular fluid.

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24
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

An endocrine gland responsible for directly or indirectly affecting all body functions; also called the hypophysis.

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25
What is plasma?
A watery, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.
26
What are plasma cells?
Cells that produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) to destroy antigens or antigen-containing particles; formed from divided and differentiated B cells.
27
What is plasmin?
A naturally occurring enzyme that dissolves the fibrin fibers in blood clots; usually present in the body in its inactive form, plasminogen.
28
What are platelets?
Formed elements of the blood that function in blood clotting; also called thrombocytes.
29
What are pleura?
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity.
30
What is the pleural space?
The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.
31
What are plexuses?
Clusters of nerve roots that permit peripheral nerve roots to rejoin and function as a group.
32
What does polarized mean?
A condition in which active transport of ions into and out of the resting cell creates an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane.
33
What is a polypeptide?
A peptide formed from many amino acids bound into a chain. When it has more than 100 molecules, it is considered to be a protein.
34
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates that contain many simple joined sugar units, such as plant starch. Some, such as cellulose, cannot be broken down for nutrition in humans but play important roles in digestion.
35
What is the pons?
Area of the brainstem that contains the sleep and respiratory centers for the body and that, along with the medulla, controls breathing.
36
What is the pontine respiratory group (PRG)?
A portion of the pons that communicates information to both the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups; it is thought to smooth the transition between each phase of the ventilatory cycle and alter breathing by making each breath shorter and shallower or longer and deeper, depending on the body's needs.
37
What is a precapillary sphincter?
Smooth muscle located at the entrance to a capillary; responsive to local tissue needs.
38
What is preload?
The volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole; it is primarily a reflection of venous return (the blood returned to the heart).
39
What is presbyopia?
The increased difficulty in focusing on objects that occurs with aging.
40
What is progesterone?
A female hormone released from the ovaries that promotes changes in the uterus during the reproductive cycle, affects the mammary glands, and helps regulate gonadotropin secretion.
41
What is proprioception?
The awareness of motion and position of a body part.
42
What are prostaglandins?
Lipids made from arachidonic acid that usually act more locally than hormones, are very potent, stimulate hormone secretions, and help to regulate blood pressure.
43
What are proteins?
Large peptides created from amino acids; they include enzymes, plasma proteins, muscle components (actin and myosin), hormones, and antibodies.
44
What is prothrombin?
A protein made in the liver and released into the blood, where it is converted into thrombin during the process of blood clotting.
45
What is the pulmonary artery?
One of two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
46
What is pulmonary circulation?
The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs, and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins; also called the lesser circulation.
47
What are pulmonary veins?
The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
48
What is the pulmonic valve?
The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; also called the pulmonary semilunar valve.
49
What is pulse pressure?
The difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
50
What are Purkinje fibers?
A system of fibers in the ventricles that conducts the excitation impulse from the bundle branches to the myocardium.
51
What is referred pain?
Pain that feels as if it is originating from a body part other than the site being stimulated.
52
What is a reflex arc?
A sensory message that reaches the spinal cord and meets with a motor nerve to cause an action; the reflex action occurs without the message first having to reach the brain to voluntarily cause the action.
53
What is a refracting system?
A series of transparent structures within the eye that redirect light as it passes through media of different densities.
54
What is a renal corpuscle?
The initial blood-filtering component of the nephron.
55
What is the renal cortex?
The outer portion of each kidney; it forms renal columns and has tiny tubules associated with the nephrons.
56
What is the renal medulla?
The inner portion of each kidney; it is made of conical renal pyramids, and has striations.
57
What is the renal pelvis?
A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney.
58
What are renal tubules?
Portions of the nephron containing the tubular fluid that has been filtered through the glomerulus.
59
What is renin?
A hormone produced by cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus when the blood pressure is low.
60
What is repolarization?
The process by which ions move across the cell membrane to return the cell to a polarized state.
61
What is the reproductive system?
The system in males and females that controls the reproductive processes via organs and glands that create sex cells and transport them to areas where fertilization can occur.
62
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs and airway passages that is unable to be expelled after a maximal forced exhalation.
63
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment.
64
What is the respiratory membrane?
The site where gas exchange takes place; at this point of contact, oxygen is picked up in the bloodstream and carbon dioxide is eliminated through the lungs.
65
What is the respiratory system?
All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.
66
What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?
Group of specialized neurons in the brainstem; involved in sleep-wake cycles; maintains consciousness.
67
What is the retina?
The inner layer of the eye wall, including the visual receptors.
68
What is the Rh factor?
An antigen found on the red blood cells of most people; when a woman without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, the woman's body can create antibodies against the protein that then attack future pregnancies.
69
What is the right coronary artery?
Blood vessel that provides oxygenated blood to the right side of the heart muscle.
70
What are rods?
One of two types of photoreceptors of the retina that are sensitive to light, but do not discriminate colors; they produce a picture that is somewhat less focused and essentially black and white.
71
What are sacroiliac joints?
The points of attachment of the ilium to the sacrum.
72
What is a saddle joint?
Two saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other; an example is found in the thumb.
73
What are Schwann cells?
Neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system that form a myelin sheath around axons.
74
What is the sclera?
The white, fibrous outer layer of the eyeball.
75
What is the scrotum?
A pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue hanging from the lower abdominal region, posterior to the penis.
76
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which is discharged along the shafts of the hairs.
77
What are semilunar (SL) valves?
The aortic and pulmonic valves, which are shaped like half-moons and separate the heart from the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
78
What does semipermeable mean?
Property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while blocking the passage of others.
79
What are sensory nerves?
The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, and other modalities from the body to the central nervous system.
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