Paramedic > Chapter 9 Pathophysiology Part 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Pathophysiology Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is acidosis?

A

An increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35.

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2
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

The immunity that occurs when the body is exposed to a foreign substance or disease and produces antibodies to the invader.

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3
Q

What is activation?

A

The stage in which mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively.

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4
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The stage characterized by attachment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to endothelial cells, mediated by selectins and integrins.

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5
Q

What is alcoholic ketoacidosis?

A

A metabolic acidotic state that manifests because of inadequate nutritional habits associated with chronic alcohol abuse.

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6
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

A decrease in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH greater than 7.45.

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7
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction.

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8
Q

What is an allergy?

A

A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen).

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9
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

A severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse.

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10
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

The growth of new blood vessels.

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11
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A protein secreted by certain immune cells that bind antigens to make them more visible to the immune system.

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12
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance recognized by the immune system.

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13
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Normal cell death.

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14
Q

What is asthma?

A

A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production.

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15
Q

What does atopic mean?

A

An allergic tendency.

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16
Q

What is atrophy?

A

A decrease in cell size due to a loss of subcellular components.

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17
Q

What are autoantibodies?

A

Antibodies directed against the tissues of one’s own body.

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18
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

The production of antibodies or T cells that work against the tissues of one’s own body.

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19
Q

What is autosomal dominant inheritance?

A

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes; inheritance of only one copy of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

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20
Q

What is autosomal recessive inheritance?

A

A pattern of inheritance that involves genes located on autosomes; inheritance of two copies of a particular form of a gene is needed to show the trait.

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21
Q

What is bradypnea?

A

A slow respiratory rate.

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22
Q

What is capillary refill time?

A

A test performed on the fingernails or toenails that involves briefly squeezing the toenail or fingernail and evaluating the time it takes for the color to return.

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23
Q

What is cardiogenic shock?

A

A condition caused by loss of 40% or more of the functioning myocardium; the heart cannot circulate enough blood to maintain adequate peripheral oxygen delivery.

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24
Q

What is carpopedal spasm?

A

A contorted position in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia.

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25
What is cell-mediated immunity?
The immune process by which T cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and then secrete cytokines that attract other cells or become cytotoxic cells themselves. (Cytotoxic - damage or kill cells) (Cytokines - proteins that signal immune system to fight infection)
26
What is central shock?
A type of shock caused by central pump failure, including cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock.
27
What are chemotaxins?
Components of the activated complement system that attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight infections.
28
What is chemotaxis?
The movement of polymorphonuclear neutrophils toward the site of inflammation in response to chemotactic factors.
29
What is the coagulation system?
A system that serves a vital role in the formation of blood clots in blood vessels.
30
coagulation cascade?
Inflammation triggers the coagulation cascade, initiating a complex series of reactions that encourage fibrin formation.
31
What is the complement system?
A group of plasma proteins that attract white blood cells to sites of inflammation, activate white blood cells, and directly destroy cells.
32
What are cytokines?
The products of cells that affect the function of other cells.
33
What is distributive shock?
A type of shock caused by widespread dilation of the resistance vessels or capacitance vessels.
34
What is dysplasia?
An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells.
35
What is edema?
Swelling caused by excessive fluid trapped in the body tissues.
36
What is fibrin?
The protein that polymerizes to form the fibrous component of a blood clot.
37
What is the fibrinolysis cascade?
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.
38
What are free radicals?
Molecules that are missing one electron in their outer shell.
39
What are gallstones?
Stonelike masses in the gallbladder or its ducts caused by precipitation of substances contained in bile.
40
What is general adaptation syndrome?
A three-stage reaction to stressors, including alarm, resistance or adaptation, and exhaustion.
41
What is gram-negative bacteria?
Bacteria that do not retain the dark purple stain and have cell walls largely composed of lipids.
42
What is gram-positive bacteria?
Bacteria that retain the dark purple stain and have thick cell walls composed of many layers of peptidoglycan.
43
What is a hapten?
A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response but can initiate a specific antibody response when combined with an antigen.
44
What are helper T cells?
A type of T lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.
45
What is hemochromatosis?
An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs, storing it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
46
What is hemolytic anemia?
A disease characterized by increased destruction of red blood cells with several possible causes.
47
What is hemophilia?
An inherited sex-linked disorder characterized by excessive bleeding.
48
What is histamine?
A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability and can cause bronchoconstriction, nausea, and vomiting.
49
What is humoral immunity?
A type of immunity in which B cell lymphocytes produce antibodies called immunoglobulins that react with specific antigens.
50
What is hypercalcemia?
An increased serum calcium level.
51
What is hypercholesterolemia?
An elevated blood cholesterol level.
52
What is hyperkalemia?
An elevated serum potassium level.
53
What is hypermagnesemia?
An increased serum magnesium level.
54
What is hypernatremia?
A serum sodium level greater than or equal to 143 mEq/L.
55
What is hyperphosphatemia?
An increased serum phosphate level.
56
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually resulting in an increase in the size of the organ or tissue.
57
What is hypersensitivity?
A generic term for responses of the body to a substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity.
58
What is hypertrophy?
An increase in the size of the cells due to synthesis of more subcellular components, which in turn leads to an increase in tissue and organ size.
59
What is hypocalcemia?
A decreased serum calcium level.
60
What is hypokalemia?
A decreased serum potassium level.
61
What is hypomagnesemia?
A decreased serum magnesium level.
62
What is hyponatremia?
A serum sodium level that is less than or equal to 135 mEq/L.
63
What is hypoperfusion?
A condition that occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal.
64
What is hypophosphatemia?
A decreased serum phosphate level.
65
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis?
A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress; the mechanism for a set of interactions among glands, hormones, and parts of the midbrain that mediate the general adaptation syndrome.
66
What is hypovolemic shock?
A type of shock that occurs when the circulating blood volume is insufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body.
67
What is an immune response?
The body's defense reaction to any substance it recognizes as foreign.
68
What is the immune system?
The body system that includes all of the structures and processes associated with the body's defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.
69
What is immunodeficiency?
An abnormal condition in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate, and, consequently, resistance to infectious disease is decreased.
70
What is an immunogen?
An antigen capable of generating an immune response.
71
What are immunoglobulins?
Antibodies secreted by B cells.
72
What is incidence?
The number of new cases of a disease in a population.
73
What is an inflammatory response?
A reaction by tissues of the body to irritation or injury, characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat.
74
What is interferon?
A protein produced by cells in response to viral invasion that is released into the bloodstream or intercellular fluid to induce healthy cells to manufacture an enzyme that counters the infection.
75
What are interleukins?
Chemical substances that attract white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasions.
76
What is isoimmunity?
The formation of antibodies or T cells that are directed against the antigens on another person's cells (typically after the transplantation of an organ or tissues).
77
What is ketoacidosis?
An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism.
78
What are ketones?
Acidic by-products of fat metabolism.
79
What are killer T cells?
The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells.
80
What is the kinin system?
A group of polypeptides that mediate inflammatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle and relaxing vascular smooth muscle to produce vasodilation.
81
What is lactic acidosis?
The product of anaerobic cellular respiration, which occurs when tissues and organs are inadequately perused, as in shock and cardiac arrest.
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