Chapter 8.1 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
How are nutrients spread throughout the cells organelles?
A
Through a process called cytoplasmic streaming which requires energy from ATP
2
Q
What is the 1st main function of the circulatory system?
A
Transports gases (from the respiratory system), nutrient molecules (from the digestive system), and waste materials (from the excretory system)
3
Q
What is the 2nd main function of the circulatory system?
A
Regulates external temperature and transports hormones
4
Q
What is most of the bodies heat generated by?
A
The motor system
5
Q
What are hormones?
A
Reaction triggering chemicals that are produced by the endocrine system
6
Q
What is the 3rd main function of the circulatory system?
A
Prevents against blood loss from injury and against disease-causing microbes or toxic substances introduced into the body
7
Q
What is are the 3 major components of the circulatory system?
A
Heart, blood vessels, and the blood
8
Q
What is the heart?
A
An organ that pushes blood through the body with its pumping action and generates blood flow
9
Q
What are blood vessels?
A
Roadways through which blood moves
10
Q
What do the heart and blood vessels comprise?
A
The cardiovascular system
11
Q
What does the blood do?
A
Carries nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, wastes and many other materials
12
Q
What are the functions of the heart?
A
Pumping blood through the body
Keeping oxygen rich blood separate from oxygen poor blood
Ensuring blood flows only in one direction throughout the body
13
Q
What are the walls of the heart made up of?
A
Cardiac muscle tissue
14
Q
Why can’t you consciously affect your heartbeat?
A
Because contractions are rhythmical and involuntary
15
Q
How do the muscle cells stop themselves from becoming fatigued?
A
They take brief breaks in milliseconds before they contract
16
Q
How many chambers does the human heart have?
A
4
17
Q
What are the top 2 chambers of the heart called?
A
Atria (atrium singular)
18
Q
What do atria fill with?
A
Blood returning from either the body or the lungs
19
Q
What are the bottom 2 chambers of the heart called?
A
Ventricles
20
Q
What do the ventricles do?
A
Receive blood from the Atria and pump it either out to the body or the lungs
21
Q
What are the atria and ventricles separated by?
A
Thick muscular walls called the septum
22
Q
What does the right side of the heart do?
A
Receives blood coming back from the body and then pumps the blood out to the lungs
23
Q
What blood vessels open into the right atrium?
A
The vena cava
24
Q
What does the superior vena cava do?
A
Collects oxygen poor blood coming from the tissues in the head, chest and arms
25
What does the inferior vena cava do?
Collects oxygen poor blood coming from tissues elsewhere in the body
26
Where does oxygen poor blood flow?
Either from the superior or inferior vena cava into the right atrium and then into the right ventricle. Then out into the pulmonary trunk before entering the left and right pulmonary arteries. From there it goes to the lung
27
What does the left side of the heart do?
Receives oxygen rich blood from the left and right lungs and pumps this blood out to the body.
28
How does blood flow from the lungs to the heart?
From the lungs it flows through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle which sends it to the aorta
29
How many valves does the heart have?
4
30
What do valves do in the heart?
Ensure blood flows in the correct direction in the heart
31
What are the atria and ventricles separated by?
The atrioventricular valves
32
What is the atrioventricular valve on the right side called?
The tricuspid valve because it it made of 3 flaps
33
What is the atrioventricular valve on the left side called?
The bicuspid valve because it only has 2 flaps
34
What are the non atrioventricular valves in the heart called?
Semilunar valves because of their half moon shape
35
What are the 3 main types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
36
What is the function of arteries?
They carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
37
What is the function of veins?
Carry oxygen poor blood toward the heart
38
What joins arteries and veins?
Capillaries
39
What happens when blood travels from an artery to a capillary?
Gases, nutrients, and other materials are transferred to tissue cells and wastes move into the blood
40
What happens after blood moves from a capillary into vein?
The blood goes towards the heart
41
What is unique to an artery?
They have elastic walls
42
Why do arteries have elastic walls?
This allows an artery to expand as a wave of blood surges through it during the contraction of the ventricles and snap back during the relaxation of ventricles
43
How many layers to arteries and veins have?
3 layers
44
What do you feel when you measure your pulse?
Rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery
45
How do veins compare arteries?
Veins have thinner walls and a larger inner circumference
46
How do muscles aid in helping blood move back to the heart?
Muscles contract around the vein to help it move
47
What prevents blood in veins from flowing backwards?
They have one way valves
48
What is the stimulus that triggers a heartbeat?
An electrical signal that originates within the heart
49
What stimulates the muscles cells to contract and relax?
A bundle of specialized muscle tissue called the sinoatrial (SA) node
50
Where is the SA node located?
In the wall of the right atrium
51
What does the SA node generate?
An electrical signal that spread of the 2 atria and makes them contract simultaneously
52
What happens electricity wise, as the atria contract?
The atrioventricular (AV) node transmit an electrical signal through a bundle of specialized fibres called the bundle of His
53
What does the bundle of his do?
Relay the electrical signal through 2 bundle branches that divide into fast conducting Purkinje fibres, which initiate the contraction of the cells in the right and left ventricles
54
How is the change in voltage produced by an electrical signal measured?
Using an electrocardiogram (ECG)
55
What does an ECG do?
Records the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and relaxes
56
what is cardiac output?
The amount of blood pumped by the heart measured in mL/min
57
What is cardiac output an indicator of?
The level of oxygen delivered to the body and the amount of work the bodies muscles perform
58
What 2 factors affect cardiac output?
Heart rate and stroke volume
59
What is heart rate?
The number of beats per a minute
60
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood forced out of the heart with each heartbeat
61
How is cardiac output calculated?
Heart rate x stroke volume
62
What is blood pressure?
The pressure that blood exerts on the vessel walls as it passes through the body
63
What is systolic pressure?
The maximum pressure during ventricular contraction
64
What is diastolic pressure?
The lowest pressure before ventricle contract again
65
What is blood pressure measured in?
1 mmHg or millimeters of mercury using a device called a sphygmomanometer
66
How is blood pressure presented?
Systolic/diastolic
67
What is normal blood pressure?
120/80
68
What does stroke volume depend on?
How easily the heart fills with blood and how readily the heart empties
69
What is how easily the heart fills with blood related to?
The volume of blood returning from the heart to the veins and stretchiness of ventricles
70
What is how readily the heart empties related to?
The strength of ventricular contractions and pressure exerted by the artery walls
71
Why is a low resting heart rate considered an indicator of cardiovascular health?
Because it means that the stroke volume is high
72
What is maximum heart rate?
The highest rate attained during an all out physical effort. This diminishes with age
73
What is a larger cardiovascular fitness indicator than maximum heart rate?
The length of time it takes for the heart to return to its resting heart rate following physical activity
74
What does cardiovascular exercise do for the heart?
It enlarges the ventricles, increases the dispensary of the ventricles, and strengthens the ventricles walls. As a result the heart develops more powers to push out blood
75
What are the 3 different pathways that blood is carried through the vessels?
Pulmonary pathway, systemic pathway and coronary pathway
76
What does the pulmonary pathway do?
Transports oxygen poor blood to the lungs and then returns oxygen rich blood to the left side of the heart by the pulmonary veins
77
What does the systemic pathway do?
Moves oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues. Then oxygen and nutrients move into the tissues and then waste products move out of the tissue cells into the blood
78
What does the coronary pathway do?
It is dedicated to provide blood to the muscle tissue of the heart itself
79
Where does oxygen blood go as it is returning from the body?
It enters the pulmonary pathway by flowing through the vena cava into the right atrium and then is pumped into the right ventricle. From there it goes to the pulmonary trunk which divides into the left and right pulmonary artery
80
What happens after blood goes through the left and right pulmonary artery?
They lead to capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The oxygen rich blood moves through capillaries into the left and right pulmonary veins which enter the left atrium of the heart
81
What pathway does the oxygen rich blood enters the left atrium?
The systemic pathway
82
Where does the blood go after it enters the left atrium?
It is moved to the left ventricle. From there it goes through the body tissues through the aorta
83
Why doesn’t the heart use the blood in its chambers for nutrients?
Because the oxygen in the blood cannot effectively diffuse through all the hearts layers
84
What does the cardiac pathway do?
Provides matter and energy to the cardiac muscle cells through capillaries that are embedded in the heart wall
85
Where do the capillaries that move through the coronary pathways get their blood from?
From 2 coronary arteries that split off from the aorta
86
What is the entire surface of the heart covered with?
A network of tiny blood vessels for the coronary pathway that gives nutrients to the heart
87
What happens in the coronary pathway?
After blood leaves the aorta and moves through the arteries to the heart and into capillaries around and into the heart, gas exchange occurs then flows into vessels that progressively get larger to form coronary veins
88
Where does blood go after the coronary veins?
They join together and oxygen poor blood enters the right ventricle
89
What is arteriosclerosis?
A general term used to describe several conditions in which the walls of the arteries thicken and lose their elastic properties, becoming harder
90
What is the most common type of arteriosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis
91
What is Atherosclerosis?
When plaque builds up on the inside of artery walls.
92
What happens as a result of Atherosclerosis?
As the artery narrows, blood flow is decreased and blood pressure is increased
93
What may atherosclerosis lead to?
Agina (chest pain), blood clots, shortness of breath, heart attack, or heart failure
94
What are some treatment options for Arteriosclerosis?
Aspirin can be used to prevent platelets from sticking together reducing clots
Clot busting machines to break down existing clots and improve blood flow
95
What is an angioplasty?
A procedure where a surgeon inserts a tube into a clogged artery and a tiny balloon is inflated to force the artery open
96
What is a vascular stent?
A small permanent metal tube is inserted into a blockage. This hold a vessel open and reduces the chance of a blockage forming
97
What happens in a coronary bypass operation?
When a segment of a healthy artery or vein is taken from another part of the body and used to create a new pathway around a blocked vessel near the heart. One end is attached to the aorta and the other end is attached to a point in the blood vessel beyond he blockage
98
What do the words double and triple refer to in a coronary bypass operation?
The number of vessels with blockages that must be passed
99
What does congenital mean?
There are defects in the heart that have been there since birth
100
What are examples of congenital heart defects?
Problems with the walls dividing the chambers of the heart, in the valves, or in the structure of blood vessels near the heart
101
What is heart murmur?
A relatively common heart defect that describes the misflow of blood through the heart. This could be because one of the valves does not open or close properly
102
How does digital imaging help surgeons in repairing heat defects?
They can take scans of the heart and convert it into a 3D model to plan and practice on precise models
103
What does CT scan stand for?
Computerized tomography
104
What does CAT scan stand for?
Computerized Axial tomography
105
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance imaging
