Redo 8.3 Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
What is the lymphatic circulatory system?
A
A network of vessels, with associated glands or nodes that extends throughout the body
2
Q
What does the lymphatic system collect?
A
A fluid called lymph
3
Q
What is lymph made of?
A
Interstitial fluid
4
Q
What is interstitial fluid?
A
Fluid that surrounds all cells in the body
5
Q
What color is lymph?
A
Colorless or pale yellow
6
Q
What does the lymphatic system do?
A
Helps to maintain the balance of fluids in the body
7
Q
How does plasma enter the lymph vessels?
A
As blood circulates the capillaries, some plasma escapes and become part of interstitial fluid. It is then absorbed into lymph vessels
8
Q
How does plasma rejoin the main circulatory system?
A
Through ducts that empty into large veins near the heart
9
Q
Why isn’t the lymphatic system a continuous circuit?
A
Because lymph forms in close ended tubes in capillary beds
10
Q
What do specialized lymph vessels do in the intestines?
A
Some lymph capillaries are found in intestinal villi, they carry digested fats throughout the body
11
Q
What does the lymphatic system work with white blood cells to do?
A
Protect the body against infection
12
Q
Where do lymphocytes mature?
A
In the lymph nodes
13
Q
What are lymph nodes?
A
Glands that are found throughout the lymphatic system
14
Q
What are lymphocytes?
A
A type of white blood cell
15
Q
Where are macrophages found?
A
In the lymph nodes
16
Q
What do macrophages do?
A
Trap and destroy bacteria
17
Q
What can an infection do to the lymphatic system?
A
Cause the number of macrophages and lymphocytes to increase
18
Q
What is a pathogen?
A
A biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host
19
Q
How does the human body defend itself against pathogens?
A
By preventing entry or destroying them when they enter
20
Q
What are the 3 defences of the body?
A
- Barriers to keep pathogens out
- General/non-specific against a wide variety of pathogens
- Specific defenses against particular pathogens
21
Q
What is the first line of defence?
A
The physical and chemical barriers of the body
22
Q
What are examples of the physical and chemical barriers of the body?
A
Eyelashes Cilia of the respiratory tract Tears Stomach Acid The skin
23
Q
What is the largest first defence against pathogens?
A
The skin
24
Q
Why is the skin a hostile environment for microorganisms?
A
The outer layer is dry and contains large amounts of keratin which is tough and indigestible
25
What does the skin's oil contain?
Bactericides
26
What does perspiration do to the skin?
Forms an inhospitable layer for microbial growth
27
What is the second line of defense for the body?
Non-specific defenses
28
What types of white blood cells does the non-specific defenses contain?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes
29
What is cell mediated immunity?
A non-specific defense that involves activation of macrophages, neutrophils, and monocytes
30
What do neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages do?
They are white blood cells that kill bacteria using phagocytosis
31
Where do macrophages develop from?
Monocytes
32
Where are macrophages found?
```
Liver
Spleen
Brain
Lungs
Blood and interstitial fluid
```
33
Which defense are natural killer cells found in?
Non-specific defense
34
What do natural killer cells do?
Target body cells that have become cancerous or infected by viruses
35
What are the names for the 3rd line of defense?
Specific Defenses or Immunity
36
What is immunity developed by?
The actions of the specific defenses using antibodies
37
What is antibody-mediated immunity?
A component of the immune system that involves the activation of lymphocytes and the secretion of antibodies specific to a specific antigen
38
What are antibodies?
Proteins that recognize foreign substances and act to neutralize or destroy them
39
Why does each person develop an immune system?
Because of exposure to foreign substance overtime and variations in genetic makeup
40
What is an immune system?
The unique ability to deal with a wide variety of possible infections
41
What is the function of the specific immune system primarily a function of?
Lymphocytes in the circulatory system
42
What are the 2 groups that lymphocytes divided in the specific immune system?
B lymphocytes (B cells) or T lymphocytes (T cells)
43
What criteria are lymphocytes divided by in the specific immune system?
Where they mature
44
Where do B cells mature?
In bone marrow
45
Where do T cells mature?
In the thymus gland, which is located near the heart
46
Why does the body catalogue the molecules that are already present in the body?
So your body could recognize proteins and other as part of the self
47
What are antigens?
Molecules found on the surface cells and on pathogens.
48
What do antigens do?
They create an identification system
49
What do antigen receptors T and B cells do?
Allow them to recognize foreign antigens and begin responding to invasion
50
What do antibodies have that help them?
Antibodies have the same shape antigen receptor for a specific antigen so they can bind with and neutralize the antigen
51
What do different B cells produce?
Different antibodies
52
Why do B cells produce produces different antibodies?
The variation increases the possibility that the body will have an antibody that can recognize and bind to an invading pathogen
53
What happens once a B cell is activated?
It enlarges and divides to produce memory B cells and plasma cells
54
What does a plasma cell created by a B cell do?
They produce enormous amounts of the same antibody created by the B cell and release the antibodies into the bloodstream to fight infection
55
What do memory B cells do after being created by B cells?
Remain in the blood ready to trigger another immune response when necessary
56
When are helper T cells activated?
After a pathogen has been destroyed by phagocytosis and the antigens from the pathogen move to the surface of the macrophage that destroyed it
57
What it the process called when T cells are activated?
Cellular immunity
58
What are the 4 types of T cells in cellular immunity?
Helper T cells
Killer T cells
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells
59
What do helper T cells do in cellular immunity?
When a helper T cell recognizes an antigen from a dead pathogen, it gives off chemical signals that stimulate the actions of macrophages (B cells) and the other T cells
60
What do killer T cells do?
After being called to action by helper T cells, they bind with infected cells and destroy them by puncturing a hole in their cell membranes
61
What can killer T cells be activated by?
By chemical signals from a helper T cells or directly by the presence of an invading pathogen and the associated antigen
62
What do suppressor T cells do in cellular immunity?
They slow and suppress the process of cellular immunity to ensure normal tissue is not destroyed
63
What do the T cells that do not respond to invading antigens do?
They turn into memory T cells
64
What do memory cells do?
They remain in the bloodstream and are able to act quickly if the antigen is encountered again
65
What is another name for killer T cells?
Cytotoxic cells
66
What is a blood transfusion?
The transfer of blood from one person to another
67
Why are only certain types of blood compatible with each other?
Because red blood cells carry specific antigens and plasma carries certain antibodies
68
What determines a person's blood type in the ABO system?
The presence or absence of type A and type B antigens
69
What determines the type of antigens a person has?
It is an inherited characteristic
70
What type of antigens does a person with type A blood have?
Type A antigens
71
What type of antigens does a person with type B blood have?
Type B antigens
72
What type of antigens does a person with type AB blood have?
Both A and B antigens
73
What type of antigens does a person with type O have?
They have no antigens
74
What type of antibodies does a person with type A blood have?
Anti-B antibodies in the plasma
75
What type of antibodies does a person with type B blood have?
Anti-A antibodies in the plasma
76
What type of antibodies does a person with type O blood have?
Anti-B antibodies and Anti-A antibodies in the plasma
77
When do antibodies appear?
Within several months after birth
78
What type of antibodies does a person with type AB blood have?
They have no antibodies
79
What is another antigen found in red blood cells called?
The Rh factor
80
What does it mean to be Rh+?
This means a person has the Rh factor on their RBC
81
What does it mean to be Rh-?
This means a person does not have the Rh factor on their RBC
82
What type of antibodies do people who are Rh- have?
People who are Rh- usually don't have antibodies to the Rh factor but may develop them when they are exposed to the Rh factor during a blood transfusion or pregnancy
83
What can happen during pregnancy that makes a mother develop Rh antibodies?
If a mother is Rh- and the Child is Rh+, the RBCs of the child can leak into the mothers blood stream. This causes her to develop Anti Rh antibodies
84
What can cause Hemolytic disease of a newborn?
When a mother has Anti-Rh antibodies and they leak across the placenta and attack the RBCs of an RH+ baby
85
What happens in Hemolytic disease of a newborn?
A mothers anti-Rh antibodies destroy the RBCs of the baby causing them to burst
86
What can HDN lead to?
Brain damage
Deafness
Death
87
What happens with the liver in HDN?
As the red blood cells break down the liver produces bilirubin in excess that it ends up in the blood and tissues of a babies blood. Causing jaundice
88
What is the treatment for HDN?
Blood transfusions for the child or inducing early labour
89
How is the Rh problem prevented?
By injecting Rh negative women with an antibody preparation (Anti-Rh antibodies) against the Rh factor within 72 hours after the birth of an Rh+ child
90
What do the injections do for the mother do?
The anti-Rh antibodies in the injection attack any of the babies RBCs in the blood before it can stimulate her immune system to produce its own antibodies
91
What autoimmune disorder?
When T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body's own cells as if they had foreign antigens
92
When does a autoimmune disorder tend to begin?
After recovery from an infection
93
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
An chronic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by inflammation of the lining of the joints
94
What is rheumatoid arthritis caused by?
The body's own immune system attacking the joints, causing pain, stiffness, swelling, fever, fatigue, and decreased apetite
95
What are treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?
Aspirin, anti-inflammatory medications. Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs work to slow the immune system
96
What is an allergy?
An exaggerated response by the immune system to a harmless material
97
what are the 2 major type of allergic reactions?
Immediate (acute) and Delayed
98
What is an immediate reaction?
The most common type of reaction, occurs within seconds of exposure and usually disappears within 30 minutes
99
What happens in an immediate reaction?
Specialized antibodies trigger certain cells to release histamines, which increase the permeability of blood vessels making the area red and swollen. Can also trigger the release of cellular fluids which result in water eyes and runny nose
100
What type of reaction is asthma?
Immediate reactions
101
What happens in an asthma reaction?
Inhaled allergens trigger a massive release in histamines which sets off spasms in the bronchioles. Can also be triggered by stimuli such as cold air and fatigue
102
What are delayed allergic reactions set off by?
T cells that have be sensitized by previous contact with allergens
103
What are delayed reactions characterized by?
Slower reactions that last for a longer period of time. Ex. reactions to jewelry
104
What can immediate reactions to food allergies look like?
Runny nose
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Asthma attack
105
What can delayed reactions to food allergies look like?
Skin problems
Wheezing
Aches or pains
