Chapter 9.1

Question 1

What do waste products do to cells?

Answer 1

Change the balance of volume of water and the concentration and composition of dissolved substances in the body’s fluids

Question 2

What is the basic function of the excretory system?

Answer 2

Regulate the volume and composition of body fluids by removing wastes and returning needed substances to the body for reuse

Question 3

What is waste in metabolic terms?

Answer 3

Any substance that is produced by the body and present in excess of the body’s needs

Question 4

What are examples of waste products produced by the body?

Answer 4

Carbon Dioxide
Water
Sodium ions
Chloride ions
Hydrogen ion

Question 5

Which waste products pose a larger threat?

Answer 5

Nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) products like ammonia, urea, and uric acid

Question 6

What happens after the body produces ammonia?

Answer 6

Since ammonia is highly toxic, it is converted to a less toxic compound, urea in the liver

Question 7

What makes up the majority of nitrogenous waste in the body?

Answer 7

Urea

Question 8

How much urea is eliminated in urine?

Answer 8

About 50%

Question 9

What is excretion?

Answer 9

The process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them

Question 10

Which body systems perform excretion?

Answer 10

The respiratory system
The Skin
The digestive system

Question 11

How does the respiratory system perform excretion?

Answer 11

It excretes carbon dioxide and small amounts of other gases, including water vapor

Question 12

How does the skin perform excretion?

Answer 12

It excretes water, salts, and some urea in perspiration

Question 13

How does the digestive system perform excretion?

Answer 13

It excretes water, salts, lipids, and a variety of other pigments and chemicals

Question 14

How are most metabolic wastes excreted?

Answer 14

They are dissolved or suspended in solution and are excreted by the excretory system (aka the urinary system)

Question 15

Where are kidneys located?

Answer 15

The lower back on each side of the spine

Question 16

What are kidneys surrounded by?

Answer 16

A large cushion of fat

Question 17

What does the cushion of fat do for the kidneys?

Answer 17

Offers some protection

Question 18

What can happen if a person loses a kidney?

Answer 18

The other kidney increases in size to handle the increased workload

Question 19

What do kidneys release urine into?

Answer 19

2 muscular 28-cm-long tubes called ureters

Question 20

Where does urine go from ureters?

Answer 20

It is moved down by peristaltic actions of the muscle tissue to the muscular urinary bladder where it is temporarily stored

Question 21

What is drainage from the bladder controlled by?

Answer 21

2 rings of muscles called sphincters that can relax so urine can drain from the bladder

Question 22

What is the innermost sphincter controlled by?

Answer 22

It is involuntary controlled by the brain

Question 23

What does urine exit the body from?

Answer 23

It exits through a tube called the urethra

Question 24

How large is the urethra in males?

Answer 24

Approximately 20 cm long and merges with the vas deferens of the reproductive tracts

Question 25

How large is the urethra in females?

Answer 25

About 4 cm long

Question 26

What does each ureter open into?

Answer 26

It flares open to form a tunnel-like structure called the renal pelvis

Question 27

What does the renal pelvis have?

Answer 27

Cup like extensions that receive urine from the renal tissue

Question 28

What is the renal tissue divided into?

Answer 28

2 sections: Outer Renal Cortex and Inner Renal Medulla

Question 29

What are the 3 main sections of the kidney?

Answer 29

Renal cortex, Renal Medulla, and Renal Pelvis

Question 30

What is embedded in the renal cortex and extends into the renal medulla?

Answer 30

A million microscopic structures called Nephrons

Question 31

What are Nephrons responsible for?

Answer 31

Filtering various substances from blood and transforming it into urine

Question 32

What is each nephron organized into?

Answer 32

3 main regions: A filter, a tube, and a duct

Question 33

What are the 3 main structures of a nephron?

Answer 33

Filter Tubule Duct

Question 34

What is a Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 34

The filtration structure at the top of each nephron

Question 35

What happens within each Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 35

A renal artery enters and splits into fine network of capillaries called glomerous

Question 36

What are glomerulus?

Answer 36

The network of capillaries that soul off from the renal artery within the Bowman’s capsule

Question 37

What does the glomerulus do?

Answer 37

The glomerulus acts as a filtration device

Question 38

What remain in the blood after reaching the glomerulus?

Answer 38

Proteins Large molecules Red blood cells This is because the glomerulus is impermeable to these

Question 39

What passes through the walls of the glomerulus?

Answer 39

Water, small molecules, ions and urea

Question 40

Where do the parts filtered from the glomerulus go?

Answer 40

It proceeds into the Bowman’s capsule of the nephron

Question 41

What is filtrate?

Answer 41

The substances that are filtered out of the blood and proceed to the Bowman’s capsule

Question 42

What is the Bowman’s capsule connected to?

Answer 42

A long tubule that is twisted back on itself to form a loop

Question 43

What are the 3 sections of the loop called?

Answer 43

The proximal Tubule The loop of Henle The Distal Tubule

Question 44

What does the tubule do?

Answer 44

The Tubule absorbs substances that are useful to the body, such as glucose and a variety of ions, from the filtrate passing through it

Question 45

What does the tubule empty into?

Answer 45

A large pipeline channel called a collecting duct

Question 46

What does the collecting duct do?

Answer 46

Functions as a water conservation device and reclaims water from the filtrate passing through it

Question 47

What is the filtrate that remains after passing through the collecting duct?

Answer 47

A suspension of water and various solutes and particles called urine

Question 48

What does the renal vein do?

Answer 48

Takes in the solutes and and water reclaimed during reabsorption