Chapter 9: Social Developmenet Throughout the Life Span

Question 1

_____ development refers to the development of behaviors and thoughts the child engages in when he or she interacts with others.

Answer 1

Social

Question 2

The need for social affiliation or a desire to be with other people is ____.

Answer 2

strong

Question 3

Evolutionary psychologists describe social affiliation as an example of a species behavior that evolved because of its _____.

Answer 3

survival value

Question 4

Humans seek out the company of others especially when ____.

Answer 4

afraid

Question 5

In a classic series of studies, Stanley Schacter manipulated the fear level of ____ by leading them to believe they would receive electric shocks in a lab experiment. He then measured whether they preferred to wait for the experiment to begin either alone or _____, which the majority preferred.

Answer 5

college women

with others

Question 6

______ is reasoning about social situations and social relationships.

Answer 6

social cognition

Question 7

A child is not born with the capacity to understand self and _____.

Answer 7

others

Question 8

As children gain more social experience and develop cognitively, they are better able to understand that they, and others, have ____, feelings, thoughts, and relate to each other in social role relationships.

Answer 8

personalities

Question 9

Social cognition influences social interactions and _____.

Answer 9

social behavior.

Question 10

Developmental psychologists have identified one of the key concepts that underlies social cognition. This concept is called _______, which is the understanding that people have mental states and that the content of these mental states guides their behavior.

Answer 10

theory of mind

Question 11

Actions are guided by _______, emotions, and goals.

Answer 11

beliefs

Question 12

Baron-Chen and his colleagues developed the ______ to assess children’s theory of mind. In this task, a child witnesses a confederate place a marble in a basket and leave the room. While the confederate is out of the room, the experimenter moves the marble from the basket into a box. When the confederate returns to the room, the child is asked where he or she thinks the confederate will look for the marble. Most ______ year olds will correctly say that the confederate will look in the basket. 80% of ______ children go the task wrong, leading them to hypothesize that these children have mind blindness.

Answer 12

false belief task
4 year olds
autisitic

Question 13

A theory of mind begins with joint attention seen in children beginning around ____ months of age.

Answer 13

9

Question 14

_____ is when a child and caregiver simultaneously direct their attention to the same object.

Answer 14

joint attention
i.e. an infant this age will point to an object then turn to the caregiver to see that he or she is looking at the object.

Question 15

More sophisticated understandings of a theory of mind appear in the _____ year.

Answer 15

second

Question 16

Children’s pretend play also signifies an understanding that there is a difference between _____ and pretend.

Answer 16

reality

Question 17

_____ is creating false beliefs in a sense.

Answer 17

pretending

Question 18

Beginning between _____ years of age, children refer to their mental states in their speech. “ I want to…” indicates the child understands his action is driven by desire.

Answer 18

2 and 3

Question 19

Children are also capable of deception and may try to ____ someone by planting a false belief. A child might try to play a joke on Mommy by telling her that he or she at all the cookies, when in fact they didn’t.

Answer 19

fool

Question 20

Social cognitive ability affects things like ____ and popularity. A child who is not skilled in social cognition may often misinterpret the motives of other people.

Answer 20

peer acceptance

Question 21

Someone unskilled in social cognition might push a child who ______ bumped into them. Aggressive children tend to ______ the motives for other people’s behavior.

Answer 21

accidentally

misinterpret

Question 22

Before interacting with other people, infants have to develop a sense of self, that is, the understanding that they are _____ from other people.

Answer 22

separate

Question 23

To determine if a child has _____, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn developed the mirror test of self recognition.

Answer 23

self recognition

Question 24

Children ages ____ of age were seated in front of a mirror after the experimenter surreptitiously placed rouge on their cheek. Infants at least ____ of age rubbed their own cheek when they saw the reflection other than rub the mirror as younger infants did.

Answer 24

9 to 24 months

18 months

Question 25

The concept of ____ contributes to a child’s ability for self control.

Answer 25

self

Question 26

Toddlers are capable of compliance, obeying others wishes, and _____.

Answer 26

delay of gratification.

Question 27

______ is the ability to exert self control and wait for an anticipated reward or goal or put off a desired acitivity for a later time.

Answer 27

delay of gratification

Question 28

Children who are younger than ____ who are asked to describe themselves and other people will use the physical attributes of a person before using psychological characteristics like personality attributes.

Answer 28

7 or 8 years old

Question 29

By the age of ___ or so they describe themselves and others as being funny or smart.

Answer 29

8

Question 30

At age ___ or ____ children begin to make social comparisons of their own characteristcis, traits, and abilities with their peers. They may judge themselves to be smarter than others or not as smart.

Answer 30

11 or 12

Question 31

________ plays a key role in Erikson’s model of psychosocial development.

Answer 31

Social comparison

Question 32

Adolescent’s descriptions of themselves and others get more ____ as they are able to consider more dimensions of psychological and personality characteristics.

Answer 32

complex

Question 33

Role taking skills also develop as the child has more social experiences and develops ______.

Answer 33

cognitively

Question 34

______ skills are critical to the child’s ability to interact with others.

Answer 34

role taking

Question 35

According to Piaget, children are egocentric between the ages of ___ to ____.

Answer 35

2 to 6 or 7

Question 36

Between the ages of ___ and ___, children understand that people have different viewpoints, but are not capable of judging how other people view them.

Answer 36

6-8

Question 37

Between the ages of ___ and ____ children understand that there is a view of the self and a view of the ___. They view themselves a certain way and they view other people a certain way. They further understand that the other person’s view of them can be different from their view of themselves and vice versa.

Answer 37

8 and 10

Question 38

Between ___ and ___ children can take the perspective of a 3rd party. They can understand how a 3rd person views tehir relationship with a 2nd person.

Answer 38

10-12

Question 39

____ acquire the ability to take a societal perspective. They can understand that a group has certain views and beliefs.

Answer 39

adolescents

Question 40

_____ are our set of expectations about appropriate activities for females and males.

Answer 40

gender roles

Question 41

Gender is independent of biological sex and ______.

Answer 41

sexual orientation

Question 42

There is a ____ gender role, ______ gender role, and androgyny.

Answer 42

female

male

Question 43

______ are restrictive views about which gender role men and women should adopt.

Answer 43

gender sterotypes

Question 44

In our culture, the stereotypic view is that females are feminine and males are _____

Answer 44

masculine

Question 45

Elements of the stereotypical feminine gender role include being caring, nurturing, and ______.

Answer 45

compliant

Question 46

Elements of the stereotypical masculine role are being aggressive, dominant, and ______.

Answer 46

competitive

Question 47

The ______ gender role combines the best elements of the other two gender roles.

Answer 47

androgynous

Question 48

Developmental psychologists studying gender development have discovered that children have to acquire _____, which is the understanding that biological sex remains the same throughout life.

Answer 48

gender stability

Question 49

Developmental psychologists studying gender development have discovered that children have to acquire ______, which is the understanding that one’s biological sex is not changed by changes in appearance.

Answer 49

gender constancy

Question 50

Gender stability and gender constancy are necessary concepts for the child to develop a ____, which is an internalized view of the self as feminine, masculine, or androgynous.

Answer 50

gender identitiy

Question 51

______ starts early in life. This is a process of socializing children about what roles are appropriate for males and females in the society.

Answer 51

gender typing

Question 52

Differences in toys, clothing, and how people treat them communicates these _____.

Answer 52

gender concepts

Question 53

Research has shown that even preschoolers believe that males and females have different _____. They also believe it is inappropriate to act like a member of the other gender.

Answer 53

characteristics

Question 54

Young school age children are very restrictive about gender roles but become more ______ and tolerant of violations of gender stereotypes.

Answer 54

flexibility

Question 55

Adolescents regress to being more inflexible about gender roles and _______ to gender stereotypes.

Answer 55

conform

Question 56

Adults tend to adopt stereotypical roles when they have children but the androgyny shift hypothesis argues that in mid-life people start to become more ____.

Answer 56

androgynous

Question 57

Social learning theory proposes that children learn gender roles because they are rewarded for appropriate behavior and _____ for inappropriate gender role behaviors. Children also watch and imitate the behaviors of others.

Answer 57

punished

Question 58

In Cognitive Theory Kohlberg argued that children learn about gender the same way that they acquire other cognitive concepts. 1st preschool children acquire gender identity. Then childen classify others, activities and objects as male or female. Once these gender concepts are acquired children engage in _______.

Answer 58

gender type behavior

Question 59

In psychoanalytic theory Freud proposed that children establish their gender role identitiy as a result of identification with their ______ parent during the phallic stage.

Answer 59

same sex

Question 60

Kohlberg developed a model of _____ development based on an individuals responses to difficult moral questions called moral _____.

Answer 60

moral

dilemmas

Question 61

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development attempts to explain how children develop a sense of ___ or ____.

Answer 61

right or wrong

Question 62

Kohlberg was influenced by ____ theory and therefore felt that moral development was determined by cognitive development.

Answer 62

Piaget

Question 63

Kohlberg’s theory describes how individuals pass through a series of three levels of moral development, each of which can be broken into 2 sub levels, resulting in a total of ___ stages.

Answer 63

6

Question 64

Stage 1 of Kohlberg’s Theorgy of Moral Development

Answer 64

punishment orientation

Question 65

Stage 2 of Kohlberg’s Theorgy of Moral Development

Answer 65

reward orientation

Question 66

Level 1: Preconventional Morality of Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development

Answer 66

punishment orientation and reward orientation

Question 67

Level 2: Conventional Morality of Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development

Answer 67

Good-girl/Good-boy orientation and

Authority orientation

Question 68

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ a person complies with rules during this stage in order to avoid punishment.

Answer 68

1. punishment orientation

Question 69

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ good behavior is that which pleases others and gets their approval.

Answer 69

3. good girl/god boy orientation

Question 70

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ an action is determined by one’s own needs.

Answer 70

2. reward orientation

Question 71

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ behavior is directed by self-chosen ethical principles. High value is placed on justice, dignity, and equality.

Answer 71

6 Morality of individual principles of orientation

Question 72

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ emphasis is on upholding the law, order, and authority and doing one’s duty by following societal rules.

Answer 72

4 authority orientation

Question 73

In Kohlberg’s Theory in stage ____ flexible understanding that people obey rules because they are necessary for the social order but that rules can change if there are good reasons and better alternatives.

Answer 73

5 social contract orientation

Question 74

Level 3: Postcoventional Morality

Answer 74

Social contract orientation and Morality of individual principles orientation

Question 75

Criticisms of Kohlberg’s theroy of moral development include that it may be better at describing the development of ____ morality.

Answer 75

male

Question 76

Carol Gilligan conducted similar studies of reasoning about moral dilemmas, but in comparing males to females foudn that females tended to apply a morality of care versus a _____ when reasoning about moral issues

Answer 76

morality of justice

Question 77

A _____ is basing decisions about morality by considering the impact of actions on other people or on social relationships.

Answer 77

morality of care

Question 78

Kohlberg’s model suggested that a morality of justice was the most developmentally advanced type of _____. His model has also been criticized by those who argue that development may not be as orderly and uniform as his theory suggests.

Answer 78

morality

Question 79

Kohlberg’s theory describes moral reasoning but does not predict ____.

Answer 79

moral behavior

Question 80

The development of more advanced moral reasoning in children is assisted by parents use of ______.

Answer 80

induction

Question 81

Parents use induction when they explain to a child how his or her behavior can _____ impact others.

Answer 81

negatively

Question 82

Punishing a child for bad behavior or withdrawing affection are both less effective means of teaching ____.

Answer 82

morality

Question 83

_____ is the close emotional relationship between an infant and his or her caretakers.

Answer 83

attachment

Question 84

Ethologist Konrad Lorenz studied attachment in animals. He found that ducklings attach to their mother duck after birth. They follow their mother duck, a behavior Lorenz called _______.

Answer 84

imprinting

Question 85

Lorenz found that there was a critical period for _____ to develop. In fact, ducklings will imprinting on any moving object if they are exposed to that object during a critical period of days after hatching. If the exposure does not occur during this time period the ducklings never imprint.

Answer 85

imprinting

Question 86

Ethologists suggest that infant attachment to a caregiver is analogous to imprinting in ducklings and that attachment is _____ for an infant since the infant is dependent on caregivers for survival.

Answer 86

adaptive

Question 87

Complete social isolation prevents the development of attachment and socialization in _____.

Answer 87

primates

Question 88

Monkeys raised in complete social isolation either display fear or _______ when suddenly placed in the companionship of peers.

Answer 88

aggression

Question 89

Harry Harlow conducted a seminal study with monkeys to study the ______ attachment. To test the hypothesis that infants attach to a caregiver for survival, Harlow conducted an experiment to see which of 2 surrogate mothers the infant monkeys attached to. A wire mesh mother fed the baby, but they attached to the cloth mother even though they didn’t feed the baby. Harlow concluded that the warmth and ____ given by the cloth mother was the necessary condition for the attachment relationship.

Answer 89

formation of attachment

comfort

Question 90

_____ infants come prepared with attachment behaviors, that is, behaviors that elicit caregiving.

Answer 90

human

Question 91

Initially infants attempt to attract the attention (smiling, crying) of no one in particular. Between ___ and ____ weeks of age, an infant begins to smile in the presence of a caregiver. Prior to this time, an infant’s smile is merely a reflexive response. Eventually infants develop the ability to ______ familiar from unfamiliar people.

Answer 91

6-10

discriminate

Question 92

_____ is when an infant may cry or otherwise become distressed when preferred caregivers leave the room.

Answer 92

separation anxiety

Question 93

Separation anxiety may begin as early as ____ of age, but it usually peaks around 18 months and then gradually declines.

Answer 93

six months

Question 94

Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues found they could distinguish three categories of attachments based on the quality of the _______.

Answer 94

infant caregiver interactions.

Question 95

A method of measuring the quality of the attachment relationship in what is known as the _______. They had mothers and infants come into a lab room and then observed the infants behaviors when the mother left the room and upon their return. Some criticize the artificial environment, but remains the most _____ used technique in studies of attachment.

Answer 95

Ainsworth Strange Situation

frequently

Question 96

Based on their reactions in the Strange Situation, infants are classified as either having a secure or ______ attachment.

Answer 96

insecure

Question 97

Insecure attachment is divided into three categories: anxiou-ambivalent, avoidant, and _______.

Answer 97

disorganized-disoriented

Question 98

Children use parent as secure base from which they explore the new environment. They become upset when their mother leaves the room but are glad to see her and ___ to her when she returns.

Answer 98

go

Question 99

Anxious-Ambivalent children tend not to use the parent as a secure base (and may often cling or refuse to leave their mother). They become very upset when she leaves and my often appear ______ or become more upset when she returns.

Answer 99

angry

Question 100

Avoidant children seek little contact with their mother and are not _____ when she leaves. Usually avoid interaction when the parent returns.

Answer 100

concerned

Question 101

Disorganized -Disoriented children alternatively approach and avoid contact with their mother. They appear ____ about whether to seek or avoid her. Often appears in abused children.

Answer 101

confused

Question 102

Parents of _____ attached infants are often found to be more sensitive and responsive to their child’s needs.

Answer 102

securely

Question 103

Some studies have found a relationship between attachment patterns and children’s _______. One study foudn that securely attached infants were less frustrated and happier at 2 than were the insecurely attached peers.

Answer 103

later adjustment.

Question 104

Some researchers have suggested that in addition to ____, temperament, genetic charcteristics, and goodness of fit may be important for both the type of attachment bond formed and a child’s later developmental outcome.

Answer 104

sensitive parenting

Question 105

Psychologists studying adult relationships have shown a relationship between the quality of infant attachments and later adult _____.

Answer 105

relationships.

Question 106

Securely attached infants develop the capacity to have _____ adult relationships.

Answer 106

secure

Question 107

Adults who had insecure infant attachments tend to have ____ adult relationships

Answer 107

insecure

Question 108

Infants up to the age of _____ generally spend their time on solo missions. They play by themselves.

Answer 108

2

Question 109

Infants up to the age of two tend participate in _____ or functional play such as moving a truck back and forth on teh floor.

Answer 109

unoccupied

Question 110

Even if a child is playing by themselves, but in a room with other children , they are engaged in _____.

Answer 110

parallel play

Question 111

Parallel play is when two children are playing side by side but have little to ______.

Answer 111

no interaction

Question 112

______ play is when two or more children are playing in proximity to each other and may share toys but do not share a common goal.

Answer 112

associative play

Question 113

_____ play is receiving enjoyment by watching other people play.

Answer 113

onlooker play

Question 114

Children engaging in _____ play share a common goal and is often rule -governed. Between ages 2 and 6 children seek the company of their peer regardless of sex.

Answer 114

cooperative play

Question 115

During the elementary school years, children desire _____ friendships.

Answer 115

same sex

Question 116

During the elementary school years, boys and girls often ______ each other. These children tend to play in groups but start to pair off into sets of best friends.

Answer 116

antagonize

Question 117

Peer acceptance and _____ in childhood has significant influences on children’s development.

Answer 117

rejection

Question 118

_____ children are at risk for dropping out of school, having delinquent or criminal behavior, and needing mental health services.

Answer 118

rejected

Question 119

Children who are less _____ and more cooperative tend to be the most well liked.

Answer 119

aggressive

Question 120

Predictors of popularity in children include good social cognitive skills, ______, being good natured, have positive self perceptions, and having a good sense of humor.

Answer 120

above average intelligence

Question 121

Rejected children can be either rejected-aggressive or ______.

Answer 121

rejected withdrawn

Question 122

____ children are actively disliked by their peers.

Answer 122

rejected aggressive

Question 123

_____ children are ignored or invisible to their peers.

Answer 123

rejected withdrawn

Question 124

Experiences in the family, parenting style, attachment quality, and exposure to _____ or _____ models influence children’s social competence.

Answer 124

aggressive or non-aggressive

Question 125

In _____ same sex and opposite sex friendships occur as well as dating relationships.

Answer 125

adolescence

Question 126

_____ are very important in adolescence as the need to be accepted by peers gets stronger as adolescent spend more time with friends and family.

Answer 126

friendships

Question 127

The need to be accepted leads to _____ and capitulating to peer pressure.

Answer 127

conformity

Question 128

Friendship groups vary in ____.

Answer 128

size

Question 129

A _____ is a small collection of close friends who spend a substantial amount of time together.

Answer 129

clique

Question 130

A ______ is a collection of several cliques and typically is mixed-sex.

Answer 130

crowd

Question 131

Membership in a clique tends to be very ______ an what is acceptable behavior, dress, etc, is strictly defined.

Answer 131

restrictive

Question 132

Opposite sex friendships occur with greater frequency than in childhood and may help _____ adolescents prepare for dating relationships.

Answer 132

heterosexual

Question 133

Adult friendships remain equally important to the quality of one’s life as compared to _______ and adolescents.

Answer 133

children

Question 134

Adults who are single report a great need for friendship and _____.

Answer 134

companionship

Question 135

Many single adults report feeling _____.

Answer 135

lonely

Question 136

______ refers to those factors that contribute to a relationship being formed.

Answer 136

interpersonal attraction

Question 137

_____ theory views human interactions in economic terms. According to this theory, when two people meet, they each calculate the costs and benefits of developing a relationship. If the benefits outweigh the costs, then the two people will be attracted to each other.

Answer 137

interpersonal attraction

Question 138

Studies of friendship have found ____ factors that are important in determining who will become friends.

Answer 138

3
similarity
proximity or propinquity
attractiveness

Question 139

People are generally attracted to those who are _____ to themselves in many ways - age, sex, race, economic status

Answer 139

similar

Question 140

It is easier to develop a friendship with people who are close at hand. ______ also increases the likelihood of repeated contracts and increased exposure can lead to increased attraction - the mere exposure effect. At MIT, Festinger found that friends of women who lived in married student housing were most likely to live in the same building.

Answer 140

proximity

Question 141

Physical ___ is a major factor in attraction for people of all ages. We tend to like _____ people.

Answer 141

attractiveness

attractive

Question 142

Research in social psychology indicates that physical appearance is the most important determinant of first impressions. It also contributes to effectiveness in persuading others to change their _____.

Answer 142

beliefs

Question 143

The same factors connected with friendship (similarity attractiveness, and proximity) are also related to ______ relationships.

Answer 143

love

Question 144

Dating and married couples tend to be similar in age, race, social clas, religion, education, intelligence, attitudes, and interests, which is an example of ______.

Answer 144

similarity

Question 145

We tend to fall in love with people who live ____.

Answer 145

nearby

Question 146

We tend to fall in love with people whose attractiveness ______ our own according to the matching hypothesis.

Answer 146

matches

Question 147

Researchers believe that love is a qualitatively different state than merely _____ someone.

Answer 147

liking

Question 148

Unlike liking, _____ includes passion, closeness, fascination, exclusiveness, sexual desire, and intense caring.

Answer 148

love

Question 149

Some researchers have distinguished two types of love

Answer 149

passionate or romantic love

companionate or afectionate love

Question 150

This type of love includes intense pysiological arousal, psychological interest, sexual desire, and the type of love we mean when say we are in love with someone.

Answer 150

passionate or romantic love

Question 151

This type of love occurs when we have a deep, caring affection for a person.

Answer 151

companionate or affectionate love

Question 152

Sternberg proposed a ____ theory of love that consists of three components.

Answer 152

triangular
Intimacy
Passion
Decision/Commitment

Question 153

The encompassing feelings of closeness and connectedness in a relationship is called.

Answer 153

intimacy

Question 154

The physical and sexual attraction in a relationship

Answer 154

passion

Question 155

The inital cognition that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain the love.

Answer 155

decision/commitment

Question 156

According to Sterberg’s theory, _____ love only happens when all three kinds of love are respresented in a relationship. Which he called _____.

Answer 156

complete

consumate love

Question 157

_____ love is based on passion and commitment only and is often short live.

Answer 157

fatuous love

Question 158

Research has shown that successful romantic relationships that last for many years are based on the _______ of love and admiration, friendship between the partners, a commitment to the relationship, displays of affection, self disclousre and offering of emotional support.

Answer 158

expression

Question 159

_____ aggression is defined as intentionally inflicting physical or psychological harm on others.

Answer 159

hostile aggression

Question 160

_____ aggression is using aggressive behavior to achieve a goal, but is not intended to harm

Answer 160

instrumental aggression

Question 161

_____ aggression is a form of hostile aggression that is aimed at damaging other people’s social relationships.

Answer 161

relational aggression

Question 162

1/3 of studies show that ____ are more aggressive than females, and the differences are larger with children than adults and with physical rather than verbal aggression.

Answer 162

males

Question 163

The consistency in the differences between males and females has led some theorists to suggest aggression is due to a ______ difference between males and females. This is a nature view of aggression

Answer 163

biological

Question 164

Cross cultural research on gender differences in aggression has show that males are more aggressive than females in each of the cultures studies, but the differences between the two groups vary ______ in some cultures and larger in others.

Answer 164

smaller

Question 165

While there may be a biological component, _____ clearly influence aggressive behavior.

Answer 165

culture

Question 166

The _______ hypothesis states that frustration produces aggression and that this aggression may be directed at the frustrater or displaced onto another target, scapegoating. However, frustration does not always cause aggresion.

Answer 166

frustration-aggresion

Question 167

According to social learning theory, people learn to behave aggressively by observing aggressive models and by having their aggressive responses ____

Answer 167

reinforced

Question 168

Parents who use physical punishment to discipline their children tend to raise _____ children.

Answer 168

more aggressive

Question 169

Exposure to role models in the mass media, especially tv, can influence ______.

Answer 169

aggression

Question 170

Some research demonstrates that adults and children as young as nursery-scool age show higher levels of aggression after they view _____.

Answer 170

media violence

Question 171

_______ or prosocial behavior, is the selfless concern for the welfare of others that leads to helping behvior.

Answer 171

altruism

Question 172

_____ behavior is observed in children as young as 13 months of age.

Answer 172

atruistic

Question 173

Research has found that individuals who are high in _____, an emotional experience that involves a subjective grasp of another person’s feelings, are more likely to help others in need.

Answer 173

empathy

Question 174

______ is the term used for whatever qualities or characteristics an infant has who is at risk but overcomes those risks.

Answer 174

resilience

Question 175

_____ children tend to have above average intelligence, are sociable, and have an easy temperament.

Answer 175

resilent