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Biology 224 > Chapter Eight: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter Eight: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall reaction in aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20

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2
Q

The first step in the breakdown of Glucose for energy is…

A

Glycolysis

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3
Q

Glucose is split to two molecules of…

A

Pyruvate

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4
Q

Pyruvate is transported from the Cytoplasm into the _________ of the Mitochondria

A

Matrix

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5
Q

In the Matrix of the Mitochondria, Pyruvate is converted to…

A

Acetyl-CoA

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6
Q

The Krebs Cycle breaks Acetyl-CoA to what two things?

A

CO2 and Electrons

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7
Q

In the Krebs Cycle, CO2 and electrons are known as what two things?

A

NADH and FADH2

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8
Q

The energy in electrons in NADH is converted to the energy of _______ by Electron Transport (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

A

ATP

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9
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

Glucose to Pyruvate

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10
Q

Where are glycolytic enzymes located?

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

In the first half of glycolysis, 2 ATP are added to Glucose converting it to _______, which is split into two molecules of _________

A

Fructose 1, 6-Bisphosphate
G3P

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12
Q

In the second half of Glycolysis, the two G3P are converted to two molecules of ___________, producing a total of ____ ATP and ____ NADH in the process

A

Pyruvate
4
2

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13
Q

When G3P is oxidized, it forms…

A

NADH

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14
Q

When G3P is dephosphorylated, it forms…

A

ATP

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15
Q

High-energy ______________ are transferred from a Substrate (like PEP) to make ADP making ________ without pumping Hydrogen ions and using ATP Synthase

A

Phosphates
ATP

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16
Q

What is the end product from each Glucose? (3 things)

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
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17
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme in Glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

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18
Q

What is the noncompetitive inhibitor for Glycolysis that inactivates the enzyme so no more ATP is produced?

A

ATP

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19
Q

What kind of Respiration?
If oxygen and the Krebs Cycle are present, the complete oxidation to Carbon Dioxide and Water

A

Aerobic Respiration

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20
Q

What kind of Respiration?
If Oxygen or the Krebs Cycle are not present, Pyruvate is reduced by NADH to a waste product and discarded

A

Anaerobic Respiration

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21
Q

Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA using three reactions by what Complex?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

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22
Q

The first step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: decarboxylated-splitting off…

A

CO2

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23
Q

The second step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: oxidized-passing electrons to…

A

NAD+

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24
Q

The third step of Pyruvate Oxidation is: The remaining 2-Carbon compound (Acetate) is added to CoA which makes…

A

Acetyl-CoA

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25
How many enzymes convert Acetyl-CoA to Co2 and NADH?
8
26
Enzymes all occur in the…
Mitochondrial Matrix
27
Decarboxylation: Steps 3 and 4 in the Citric Acid Cycle remove 2 _____ per Acetyl CoA
CO2
28
Oxidation: Steps 3, 4 and 8 in the Citric Acid Cycle pass electrons to ________ and Step 6 passes them to ______
NAD FAD
29
Substrate-level Phosphorylation: Step 5 uses energy from rearranging Succinyl CoA to _____________ to add a PO4- to ADP, making _______
Succinate ATP
30
Electron Yield per Glucose is what 4 things and from where?
- 2 NADH from Glycolysis - 2 NADH from Pyruvate Oxidation - 6 NADH from Krebs Cycle - 2 FADH2 from Krebs Cycle
31
In the Krebs Cycle, the rate-limiting enzyme for mammals and humans is…
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
32
What two things in the Krebs Cycle act as inhibitors that slow the rate of the process so that no more ATP and NADH are produced?
NADH and ATP
33
Cytochromes are located in the ______ _______________ membranes as Respiratory Enzyme Complexes
inner mitochondrial
34
Step 1 of Electron Transport: NADH passes electrons to…
NADH Dehydrogenase
35
Step 2 of Electron Transport: NADH Dehydrogenase passes electrons to….
Ubiquinone
36
Ubiquinone accepts electrons from NADH Dehydrogenase and….
FADH2
37
Does Ubiquinone accept protons?
No
38
Protons are pumped from the matrix to the…
Intermembrane Space
39
Step 3 of Electron Transport: Ubiquinone passes electrons to…
Cytochrome b-c1
40
Step 4 of Electron Transport: Cytochrome b-c1 passes electrons to…
Cytochrome C
41
Does Cytochrome C accept protons?
No
42
Step 5 of Electron Transport: Cytochrome C passes electrons to…
Cytochrome Oxidase
43
Step 6 of Electron Transport: Cytochrome Oxidase passes electrons to Oxygen, forming…
Water
44
Does oxygen accept protons?
No
45
Chemiosmotic Theory: As NADH Dehydrogenase Cytochrome b-c1, and Cytochrome Oxidase pass electrons, they also pass ___________ ________ from the Matrix to the Intermembrane Space
Hydrogen ions
46
Chemiosmotic Theory established an…
Electrochemical Gradient
47
H+ ions diffuse back into the matrix through ______ ____________ making ATP by Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Synthase
48
ATP Synthase is a ______________ protein
multimeric
49
ATP Synthase consists of a base embedded in the inner ______________ Membrane, a shaft, and a rotating head
Mitochondrial
50
The shaft of ATP Synthase rotates as H+ ions pass between the ____ and ____ subunits in the base
a and c
51
The ________ degree rotation of ATP Synthase base causes conformational changes in the head
120
52
In one conformation of ATP Synthase, the ________ subunit binds ADP and Phosphate
Beta
53
In the second conformation of ATP Synthase, ADP and Phosphate are forced together making…
ATP
54
In the third conformation of ATP Synthase, ATP is…
released
55
____________ ________ flow is couples to ATP Synthesis
Hydrogen Ion
56
The water produced in Electron Transport comes from Oxygen combining with the electrons from…
Carbohydrates
57
Water produced in Electron Transport is produced…
metabolically
58
The oxygen used in Electron Transport to make metabolic water is what makes it ____________ respiration
aerobic
59
Most researchers agree that with Aerobic Respiration, ______ - ______ ATP are produced for every Glucose broken down
30-34
60
The amount of ATP produced for every Glucose broken down may be less since the reducing power of _________ and ________ can be used for other reactions
NADH and FADH2
61
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor of Cytochrome Oxidase?
ATP
62
When _______ levels are high, it binds to Cytochrome Oxidase, inhibiting it, and slowing down Electron Transport and the additional production of ATP
ATP
63
Starches and Glycogen are broken down (digested) to ____________ subunits which enter Glycolysis
Glucose
64
Fructose is converted to ______ which enters Glycolysis
G3P
65
Are there limits on how much Fructose can be metabolized/burned?
Yes
66
Excess Fructose consumption results in obesity, fatty liver, visceral fat accumulation, elevated insulin (insulin resistance and __________), and elevated leptin (leptin resistance and overeating)
diabetes
67
The food industry adds Fructose to many foods it sells because it makes them taste _________, so you like it and buy more
sweeter
68
Is Fructose a required or necessary for any human physiological process?
no
69
______________ is converted to Glucose + Galactose (which is converted to Glucose 1-Phosphate which enters Glycolysis)
Lactose
70
Proteins: Digestion to ________ ________ subunits
amino acid
71
Proteins: Deamination to Organic Acids (which enter ____________ ___________ or Krebs Cycle but not Glycolysis as pyruvate is the end product)
Pyruvate Oxidation
72
The organic acids formed by ______________ amino acids are either the organic acid intermediates of Pyruvate or the Krebs Cycle, or easily converted to them
deaminating
73
Lipids (Triglycerides): Digestion to _______________ and Fatty Acids
Glycerol
74
Lipids (Triglycerides): Glycerol goes into Glycolysis…
G3P
75
Lipids (Triglycerides): Fatty Acids are split into _________ _______ (which enter Krebs Cycle)
Acetyl Groups
76
____________ and _____________ have about equal energy per unit weight
Proteins and Carbohydrates
77
____________ have about 2x the energy of either protein or carbohydrate
Lipids
78
What type of diet? - low in carbs so you lose weight - Tryptophan is low in most of these diets - must eat fish, poultry, and eggs to get sufficient Tryptophan
High Protein Diet
79
What is important in diets that is also important in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter Serotonin?
Tryptophan
80
Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine can be converted to organic acids then fat or glucose to increase _______ _______ or __________ resistance
Liver Fat Insulin
81
What kind of diet? - worst diet - replaces fats with sugars
Low Fat Diet
82
High sugar diets lead to insulin resistance, diabetes and ____________
obesity
83
The even-chained fatty acids in red meat are __________________ neutral
cardiovascularly
84
The odd-chained fatty acids in dairy are associated with _____________ from metabolic diseases like diabetes and heart disease
protection
85
What kind of diet? - high in fats - low in carbs - people on this diet lose weight - improves insulin sensitivity (reverses diabetes) - hard to stay on with no baked goods or sugars
Keto Diet
86
Vegan diets can be low in iron, omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin B12, and…
Tryptophan
87
A lot of the things missing in vegan diets can be supplemented or added with what two things?
Fish or Eggs
88
What is a good thing that vegan diets provide that is good in any diet?
Fiber
89
What good is Aerobic Respiration if Oxygen or the Krebs Cycle enzymes are not present?
None
90
What can NADH be used for without Electron Transport?
Nothing It is harmful at high concentrations
91
In _____________ Fermentation, pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form Lactate, but the NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
Lactate
92
With ____________ Fermentation, pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetaldehyde, which is reduced using NADH, to ethanol, but oxidizing NADH back to NAD+
Ethanol
93
The purpose of Fermentation is to convert NADH back to NAD+ so that ___________ can continue
Glycolysis
94
The Energy Yield for Fermentation is ____ ATP per Glucose (Glycolysis)
2
95
Some organisms, like some bacteria, under anaerobic conditions, produce….
Nitrate Reductase
96
Nitrate Reductase is inserted into cytoplasmic/cell membrane and functions in place of ______________ ___________ to accept electrons from Cytochrome b, reducing Nitrate (NO3-) to Nitrate (NO2-)
Cytochrome Oxidase
97
Both _________ ____________ and _______________ pump H+ ions from the cytoplasm into periplasmic space (between membrane and cell wall)
NADH Dehydrogenase and Ubiquinone
98
H+ ions flow through ATP Synthase to make ATP, but without _______ as an electron acceptor
O2

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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