Chapter Two: The Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Smallest unit of matter

Question 2

What is the mass of both Neutrons and Protons?

Answer 2

1

Question 3

What is the mass of an Electron?

Answer 3

Zero

Question 4

What is a Neutral Atom?

Answer 4

The number of protons and electrons are the same

Question 5

What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter

Answer 5

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

Question 6

What is the Atomic Number the same as?

Answer 6

Number of protons

Question 7

What does the Atomic Weight (Mass #) equal?

Answer 7

Neutrons + Protons

Question 8

How do you find the number of neutrons?

Answer 8

Atomic Weights - Atomic Number = Neutrons

Question 9

What is an isotope?

Answer 9

Atoms of the same element, who have the same number of protons and electrons, but have a different number of neutrons

Question 10

Where are neutrons and protons located?

Answer 10

The nucleus

Question 11

Where are electrons located?

Answer 11

Orbitals

Question 12

What is the Octet Rule?

Answer 12

The tendency of most atoms to need 8 valence electrons for stability

Question 13

Covalent Chemical Bonds:

Answer 13

Result from the sharing of one or more pair(s) of electrons

Question 14

Are all compounds molecules?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Are all molecules compounds?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

What determines how an atom combines with another atom?

Answer 16

Number of Electrons

Question 17

Where do electrons move when they gain energy?

Answer 17

Farther from the nucleus

Question 18

What is required to move negatively charged electrons farther away from positive protons?

Answer 18

Energy

Question 19

How many orbitals are in the first energy level

Answer 19

One

Question 20

How many electrons can fit in the single orbital within the first energy level

Answer 20

Two

Question 21

How many orbitals can the second and third energy levels have?

Answer 21

Four

Question 22

How many electrons can be held in the four orbitals within the second and third energy levels?

Answer 22

Eight

Question 23

What are the 5 different bonds? (greatest to least)

Answer 23

1. Covalent Bonds
2. Ionic Bonds
3. Hydrogen Bonds
4. Hydrophobic Interactions
5. van der Waals Interaction

Question 24

What is the strength of Covalent Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

Answer 24

50-110

Question 25

What is the strength of Ionic Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

Answer 25

3-7

Question 26

What is the strength of Hydrogen Bonds? (Kcal/Mole)

Answer 26

3-7

Question 27

What is the strength of Hydrophobic Interactions? (Kcal/Mole)

Answer 27

1-2

Question 28

What is the strength of van der waals interaction? (Kcal/Mole)

Answer 28

1

Question 29

What are ions?

Answer 29

Charged Atoms

Question 30

Anions

Answer 30

negatively charges ion which has gained electron(s)

Question 31

Cations

Answer 31

Positively charged ions which have lost electron(s)

Question 32

Define Electronegativity:

Answer 32

An atom’s attraction for electrons

Question 33

What is the electronegativity of Oxygen?

Answer 33

3.5

Question 34

What is the electronegativity of Carbon?

Answer 34

2.5

Question 35

What is the electronegativity of Hydrogen?

Answer 35

2.1

Question 36

What is the electronegativity of Nitrogen?

Answer 36

3.0

Question 37

Is it polar or non-polar when electrons are shared equally?

Answer 37

Non-polar

Question 38

Is it polar or non-polar when electrons are not shared equally?

Answer 38

Polar

Question 39

What is the electronegativity difference for polar atoms?

Answer 39

0.5 to 1.6

Question 40

What is the electronegativity difference for non-polar atoms?

Answer 40

0.2 to 0.5

Question 41

What type of bond is temporary?

Answer 41

van der waals interaction

Question 42

What do ionic bonds form from?

Answer 42

The transfer of electrons between atoms (due to large differences in electronegativity)

Question 43

What is a hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 43

When non-polar molecules in an aqueous solution draw together due to their mutual hatred of water

Question 44

What does chemical properties depend on?

Answer 44

Number of electrons

Question 45

Are polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 45

Hydrophilic

Question 46

Are non-polar molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Answer 46

Hydrophobic

Question 47

What is a free radical?

Answer 47

an atom or molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons in the outermost shell and is capable of independent existence. Can cause chain reaction

Question 48

What can donate electrons to free radicals without becoming one itself?

Answer 48

Antioxidants

Question 49

True or False: Atoms with different electronegativity will not share electrons equally

Answer 49

True

Question 50

When do Hydrogen Bonds form?

Answer 50

Result from the attraction between opposite partial charges in different molecules

Question 51

Define Endergonic

Answer 51

When energy has to be input to produce larger, more complex molecules

Question 52

Define Exergonic:

Answer 52

When energy is given off in breaking down large complex molecules to smaller, less complex molecules

Question 53

What is the measure of energy in chemical reactions?

Answer 53

Calorie

Question 54

What is a calorie

Answer 54

Amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of pure water form 14.5 to 15.5 degrees Celsius

Question 55

Define Concentration:

Answer 55

How much substance is dissolved in water

Question 56

What is concentration measured in?

Answer 56

Molarity

Question 57

CH4

Answer 57

Methane

Question 58

C6H12O6

Answer 58

Glucose

Question 59

C6H12O6

Answer 59

Fructose

Question 60

Equation for finding how much substance is needed to make something:

Answer 60

MW x M x L

Question 61

What is Avogadro’s Number?

Answer 61

6.023 x 10^23

Question 62

Define Mole:

Answer 62

The amount of pure substance whose weight in grams is numerically equal to the Molecular Weight of the substance

Question 63

What is an acid?

Answer 63

A proton donor, when a substance gives off a proton

Question 64

What is a base?

Answer 64

Anything that accepts a proton and decreases Hydrogen Ion concentration

Question 65

What is pH a measure of?

Answer 65

How many H+ ions are present in

Question 66

What range of pH is acidic?

Answer 66

0-7 High hydrogen ion concentration

Question 67

What range of pH is basic?

Answer 67

7-14 low hydrogen ion concentration but higher hydroxyl ion concentration

Question 68

What is the neutral pH

Answer 68

7

Question 69

When the pH of a solution changes from 3 to 5 the Hydrogen ion concentration decreases by…?

Answer 69

100x

Question 70

When the pH of a solution changes from 8 to 5, the Hydrogen ion concentration increases by…?

Answer 70

1000x

Question 71

What is a buffer?

Answer 71

Compounds that resist pH changes

Question 72

What are most buffers combinations of?

Answer 72

weak acids and weak bases

Question 73

What is the normal pH of blood?

Answer 73

7.4

Question 74

What decreases Hydrogen ion concentration?

Answer 74

Bases

Question 75

What increases Hydrogen ion concentration?

Answer 75

Acids

Question 76

What is the measure of pH?

Answer 76

How many Hydrogen ions are present

Question 77

What do isotopes help do?

Answer 77

Tag molecules to follow biochemical pathways and cancer treatment

Question 78

What is the equation to calculate the amount of substance needed?

Answer 78

MW x M x L