Chapter Seventeen: An Introduction to Evolution

Question 1

What type of evolution refers to changes in a single gene in a population over time?

Answer 1

Microevolution

Question 2

What type of evolution refers to the formation of new species or groups of related species?

Answer 2

Macroevolution

Question 3

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- life was created supernaturally
- organized from simple to complex

Answer 3

Chinese, Greeks, other early cultures

Question 4

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- an ideal. perfect world (“essence”) exists, in contrast to the apparent, imperfect world
- therefore, no need for change

Answer 4

Greek Philosophers

Question 5

Pre-Evolution Environment: Who?
- God’s creation is perfect
- Species will neither disappear nor change

Answer 5

Early Church

Question 6

What are the 4 factors promoting change of perspective?

Answer 6

Age of Enlightenment
Fossil Record
Geology
Thomas Malthus

Question 7

The Age of Enlightenment (1700’s) questioned…inerrancy

Answer 7

Biblical

Question 8

Who documented extinctions?

Answer 8

Georges Cuvier

Question 9

Georges Cuvier opposed…(saw design in anatomy). He promoted catastrophism but did not embrace a biblical flood

Answer 9

evolution

Question 10

Fossil sequence seemed to suggest a sequence of…organisms over time

Answer 10

different

Question 11

James Hutton promoted…(slow, continual processes accumulate into a large effect opposite of catastrophism)

Answer 11

Gradualism

Question 12

Charles Lyell promoted…

Answer 12

uniformitarianism

Question 13

Thomas Malthus promoted that populations can increase faster than food supplies “survival of the…”

Answer 13

fittest

Question 14

Jean Baptiste Lamarck - inheritance of acquired…

Answer 14

characteristics

Question 15

Charles Darwin began training as a physician then turned to…

Answer 15

ministry

Question 16

Similar but different species in…locations

Answer 16

different

Question 17

…species similar to modern-day species

Answer 17

Fossil

Question 18

Island species similar to but different from…species

Answer 18

mainland

Question 19

Darwin - “The Origin of Species”
- lots of data on variability within…
- no actual data on speciation
- His thoroughness receives more credit

Answer 19

variability

Question 20

Darwin was proposing that existing species developed from the modification of…species

Answer 20

pre-existing

Question 21

Natural Selection:
Variation in traits occurs among individuals within a…

Answer 21

species

Question 22

Natural Selection:
A variation in traits can be passed from parents to…

Answer 22

offspring

Question 23

Natural Selection:
More offspring are produced than can…and reproduce

Answer 23

survive

Question 24

Natural Selection:
Individuals with traits which make them better suited to their environment tend to…and produce more offspring

Answer 24

flourish

Question 25

What is a problem with fossils being millions of years old (what is missing to see if they truly are millions of years old)?

Answer 25

Connective Tissue

Question 26

What type of fossils go through multiple rock strata?

Answer 26

Polystrate

Question 27

What is used to show the transition from fish to Amphibian?

Answer 27

Tiktaalik roseae

Question 28

Tiktaalik roseae unlike a true…, had a broad skull, flexible neck, and eyes on top of the head. Fins has beginning of a primitive wrist and 5 finger-like bones.

Answer 28

fish

Question 29

Evolutionists believe this example is one of the most convincing examples of macroevolution:

Answer 29

Whale Evolution

Question 30

Who is the first proposed ancestor of whale evolution?

Answer 30

Pakicetus

Question 31

Ambulocetus is included in…evolution because like whales they have a sigmoid process on auditory bulla and reduced zygomatic arch (cheekbone)

Answer 31

whale

Question 32

What in whale evolution was a quadruped (4-footed) with hips attached to the vertebral column?

Answer 32

Maiacetus

Question 33

What two things in whale evolution are both otter-like and semi-aquatic?

Answer 33

Rodhocetus and Kutchicetus

Question 34

What in whale evolution supposedly had a fluked tail?

Answer 34

Rodhocetus

Question 35

What two things in whale evolution are both aquatic and occur when forms with baleen occur, and others presumed to have echo-locating existed?

Answer 35

Basilosaurus and Durodon

Question 36

Whale Evolution (characteristics would all have to develop simultaneously for whales to evolve): 1. nostrils form…with muscle and nerve control 2. modification of…for underwater vision 3. ability to drink seawater and remove… 4. modify… 5. transform forelimbs into… 6. develop ability to nurse young 7. develop tail flukes and associated… 8. produce blubber for… 9. transition from herbivorous to carnivorous diet, with complete redesign of… 10. develop comb-like baleen to filter… 11. develop new structure “melon” for…

Answer 36

blowhole eye salt skeleton flippers underwater musculature insulation GI tract food echolocation

Question 37

What is the study of the geographic distribution of living and extinct species?

Answer 37

Biogeography

Question 38

What kind of evolution claims that different species from different lineages have separately evolved similar characteristics due to similar adaptive pressure from similar environments?

Answer 38

Convergent Evolution

Question 39

Many homologous structures have been found to be controlled by different…

Answer 39

genes

Question 40

Darwin redefined homologous to mean due to common…

Answer 40

descent

Question 41

…structures are anatomical features that have no current function, but resemble structures found in their ancestors

Answer 41

Vestigial Structures

Question 42

Are vestigial structures useless?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

Species that differ as adults may have striking similarities during…stages of development

Answer 43

embryonic

Question 44

The…and amino acid sequences from closely related species tend to be more similar than those from more distantly related species

Answer 44

nucleotide

Question 45

It is proposed that many species have experienced gene…over time

Answer 45

duplications

Question 46

Extra copies of genes are then free to mutate and…their normal function

Answer 46

lose

Question 47

False genes (pseudogenes) are non-functional copies of genes that share an ancestry with…genes

Answer 47

functional

Question 48

What type of globin is better at bing in oxygen in muscle cells?

Answer 48

Myoglobin

Question 49

What type of globin is better at oxygen binding in blood cells?

Answer 49

Hemoglobin

Question 50

What two globing are expressed early in development?

Answer 50

Epsilon and Zeta globins

Question 51

What globin is expressed in the second and third trimesters of development?

Answer 51

Gamma Globin

Question 52

After birth, the gamma globin is turned off and the…globin gene is turned on

Answer 52

Beta Globin

Question 53

New evidence shows that…are functional, just like all the other genes, and play important roles in gene regulation

Answer 53

pseudogenes

Question 54

…is a Beta-globin pseudogene and according to evolution is not active in humans

Answer 54

HBBP1

Question 55

what causes various blood diseases?

Answer 55

SNIPs

Question 56

…is a major regulatory gene in the hemoglobin family

Answer 56

SNIPs

Question 57

What gene is a tumor suppressor gene?

Answer 57

PTEN

Question 58

PTEN’s protein is a phosphatase involved in the regulation of the…

Answer 58

cell cycle

Question 59

There is a PTEN pseudogene which binds a…(micro-RNA)

Answer 59

miRNA

Question 60

Many pseudogenes act as “sponges” to bind…that are important in gene regulation

Answer 60

RNAs

Question 61

Specific parts of proteins are encoded by…, separated from one another by…

Answer 61

Exons Introns

Question 62

Are introns useless “junk” DNA?

Answer 62

No

Question 63

The presence of multiple exons in genes allows different exons to be used to make the gene product in different cells and tissues (Alternative…)

Answer 63

Splicing

Question 64

Presence of multiple…, which can be used in different combinations, is a design feature of genes that is used to regulate and change what type of proteins are produced in different tissues

Answer 64

exons

Question 65

Some introns are spliced into circles, stay in the nucleus and enhance…(active genes)

Answer 65

Transcription

Question 66

Some introns contain second…within them

Answer 66

genes

Question 67

Some introns contain regulatory regions that affect neighboring…

Answer 67

genes

Question 68

When closely related species are examines, changes in what two parts of chromosomes are found?

Answer 68

Chromosome structure or number

Question 69

Chromosomal changes like inversions and translocations can produce the genetic isolation needed to drive…

Answer 69

speciation

Question 70

Apes have…chromosomes that correspond to our #2 chromosome

Answer 70

two

Question 71

Two chromosomes fused end to end from ape chromosomes form #2 led to…

Answer 71

humans

Question 72

What are two pieces of evidence that support the telomeric fusion hypothesis (ape to human)?

Answer 72

1. Presence of teleomeric sequences in the “fusion site” 2. Presence of alpha-satellite DNA in the “fusion site”

Question 73

Alphoid DNA is not evidence of a…

Answer 73

centromere

Question 74

mtDNA Conclusions: 1. …is likely no older than 100,000 yr.

Answer 74

Humanity

Question 75

mtDNA Conclusions: 2. What percent of all animals arose at the same time as mankind and are the sane age

Answer 75

90%

Question 76

mtDNA Conclusions: 3. If we revise the “…” with newer empirical evidence - all species, including mankind, have a recent origin, probably on the order of no more than 10,000 years

Answer 76

molecular clock