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Biology 224 > Chapter Eighteen: Population Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter Eighteen: Population Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

…is the study of genes and genotypes in populations, and how they can change over time

A

Population Genetics

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2
Q

Population Genetics depends on the existence of genetic…

A

variation

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3
Q

….(many forms) refers to a trait that shows more than one phenotype

A

Polymorphism

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4
Q

To be considered polymorphic, rare alleles must be present at a frequency of >…

A

> 1%

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5
Q

Polymorphisms may be due to:
1. …of a region of a gene
2. …of a region of a gene
3. Change in a single… (substitution mutation) (Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism or snips)

A

Deletion
Duplication
nucleotide

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6
Q

snips represent …% of all variation in human DNA

A

90

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7
Q

To calculate allergic frequencies, it is necessary to know the…of all individuals in the population

A

genotypes

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8
Q

Equation for finding the frequency of allele:

A

of certain allele / #total allele

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9
Q

what two letters are typically used to symbolize two allelic frequencies?

A

p and q

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10
Q

…frequencies are the frequencies or proportions of the different genotypes

A

Genotypic

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11
Q

In 1908, what two people both independently proposed the conditions under which allelic and genotypic frequencies would remain constant (equilibrium)

A

Hardy and Weinberg

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12
Q

Under equilibrium, both allelic and genotypic frequencies would remain constant, and the genotypic frequencies would depend upon or could be calculated from what frequencies?

A

allelic frequencies

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13
Q

What are the five Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Conditions?

A
  1. No mutations
  2. No natural selection
  3. No migration between populations
  4. Infinite population size
  5. Random Mating
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14
Q

Populations are…in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and meet all 5 conditions for equilibrium

A

rarely

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15
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is useful to show the conditions under which allelic and genotypic frequencies will not remain constant but will…

A

Change

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16
Q

The change in allelic frequencies over time is…

A

microevolution

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17
Q

mutations may be important in providing the variation for…but is not important in directly changing allele frequencies

A

natural selection

18
Q

…occurs when one genotype has an advantage that allows the individuals with that genotypes to survive better and leave more offspring than other genotypes

A

natural selection

19
Q

natural selection is usually defined with…

A

fitness

20
Q

the maximum fitness is…

A

1

21
Q

Is a high fitness good or bad?

A

good

22
Q

a positive selection coefficient means that natural selection works…the genotype

A

against

23
Q

If natural selection is operating, it means that some genotypes are not leaving as many offspring and genotypic frequencies will change. This is also known as…

A

Microevolution

24
Q

If the dominant or recessive genotype is at a selective disadvantage, the frequency of the allele producing that genotype will…overtime

A

decrease

25
Q

Genetic variation produces a range of…, usually in a normal distribution

A

phenotypes

26
Q

If both extremes in phenotype are selected against, …will force the phenotype to become less variable

A

Stabilizing Selection

27
Q

If intermediate phenotypes are selected against, …produces two phenotypes

A

Disruptive Selection

28
Q

What kind of selection occurs when two alleles are maintained in a population?

A

Balancing Selection

29
Q

Heterozygote advantage occurs if the heterozygote has the…fitness

A

highest

30
Q

What kind of selection occurs when individuals with a rare genotype have a higher fitness than individuals with a more common genotype?

A

Negative frequency-dependent selection

31
Q

What kind of selection occurs when certain genotypes have an advantage over other genotypes of the same sex, with respect to reproduction?

A

Sexual Selection

32
Q

…refers to the changes in allelic frequencies due to random/chance events

A

Random Genetic Drift

33
Q

What kind of effect occurs when a small number of individuals found a new population?

A

Founder Effect

34
Q

What kind of effects occur when populations that are usually large, experience temporary decreases?

A

Bottleneck Effects

35
Q

The neutral theory of evolution believes the contribution of each gene to the overall fitness of the individual is…

A

small

36
Q

What refers to the movement of individuals from one population to another?

A

Migration

37
Q

As individuals move, they carry their alleles with them, this is called…

A

Gene flow

38
Q

Mating must be…if allele frequencies are not to change

A

random

39
Q

If mating with one genotype is preferred, the alleles making up that genotype will…

A

increase

40
Q

What kind of mating occurs when individuals tend to mate with others with a similar phenotype?

A

Positive Assortative Mating

41
Q

What kind of mating occurs when mating between different phenotypes is preferred?

A

Negative Assortative Mating

42
Q

Inbreeding…refers to the decrease in fitness brought about by the production of deleterious homozygous phenotypes as a result of inbreeding

A

depression

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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