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Biology 224 > Chapter Nine: Cell Communication > Flashcards

Chapter Nine: Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Cell signaling involves both ___________ and ___________ signals

A

incoming and outgoing

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2
Q

Any agent that can influence the properties of cells

A

A Signal

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3
Q

Signals are recognized by…

A

Receptors

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4
Q

What are allosteric and cause a cellular response?

A

Receptors

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5
Q

What type of signaling?
- cell junctions may allow signals to pass directly between cells
- Gap junctions would be an example

A

Direct Intercellular Signaling

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6
Q

What type of Signaling?
One cell has a membrane-bound signal recognized by a receptor by a receptor on another cell

A

Contact-dependent Signaling

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7
Q

What type of Signaling?
Cell Secretes a signal/chemical that bind to receptors on their own surface and that of neighboring cells of the same type, stimulating them

A

Autocrine Signaling

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8
Q

What type of signaling?
Cell Secretes a signal that influences not themselves but target cells in close proximity

A

Paracrine Signaling

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9
Q

What type of cell signaling?
Cell secretes a hormone into bloodstream that affects cells far from the source of the signal

A

Endocrine Signals

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10
Q

What are the three step response to signals?

A
  1. Receptor Activation
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Cellular Response
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11
Q

The _________ ____________ binds to the Receptor causing a conformational change in the Receptor which activates its function

A

signaling molecule

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12
Q

Most signals are ______________ and can not enter cells through the membrane

A

hydrophilic

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13
Q

The initial signal is converted to a second signal _____________ the cell

A

inside

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14
Q

Many signals activate _____________ inside the cell

A

enzymes

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15
Q

Some signals alter the ___________ of structural proteins in the cell

A

function

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16
Q

Some signals affect _________ that bind to and regulate the activity of genes directly

A

proteins

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17
Q

What are signals that bind non-covalently and temporarily to Receptors?

A

Ligands

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18
Q

What changes the receptor to activate the ability to initiate the cellular response?

A

binding

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19
Q

Is binding temporary and reversible?

A

yes

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20
Q

When the _________ is released, receptor is no longer activated

A

ligand

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21
Q

The signal, often a _____________, binds the receptor

A

hormone

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22
Q

Receptors have different ______________ for the signal

A

affinities (preferences)

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23
Q

The Dissociation Constant (___) indicates the affinity

A

Kd

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24
Q

A low Kd indicates a ________ affinity

A

high

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25
Q

Receptors are necessary because most signals are hydrophilic or large molecules that will not diffuse through the…

A

Plasma Membrane

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26
Q

Cells need _________ receptors to bind specific signals

A

surface

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27
Q

Enzyme-linked receptors have a receptor in the ____________ _________ where the signal, often a hormone, bonds

A

Extracellular matrix

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28
Q

The _______________ ____________ has a catalytic function

A

Intracellular Domain

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29
Q

When the Extracellular Domain is bound, the ________________ _____________ is activated

A

Intracellular Domain

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30
Q

Most Enzyme-linked receptors have a protein ____________ function in the intracellular domain

A

Kinase

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31
Q

When bound by a signal, the protein kinase will ______________ other proteins

A

phosphorylate

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32
Q

Protein Kinases ____________ a phosphate from ATP and attach it to a protein

A

remove

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33
Q

The phosphorylated protein is usually _____________ to cause a cellular response

A

activated

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34
Q

G Proteins are named for their ability to bind _______ as a substrate

A

GTP

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35
Q

The receptors typically have _____ transmembrane segments which embed it in the Plasma Membrane

A

7

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36
Q

G Proteins have what two subunits?

A

alpha and beta

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37
Q

When bound by a signal, the receptor’s intracellular domain causes the G protein to release _______ and bind ________

A

GDP
GTP

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38
Q

When bound to the GTP, the ___ subunit dissociates from the ____ subunit

A

alpha
beta

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39
Q

After the alpha subunit dissociates from the beta subunit, it is then _______ and free to initiate a cellular response

A

active

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40
Q

That alpha subunit splits GTP to GDP, which allows alpha to be bound by the beta subunit, ____________ the G protein, ending the cellular response

A

inactivating

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41
Q

When the signal (ligand) binds the receptor, it changes conformation and opens the channel for an _____ to flow

A

ion

42
Q

Some signals are _________ (hormones) and pass through the Plasma Membrane

A

steroids

43
Q

Do intracellular receptors require a second messenger?

A

no

44
Q

Intracellular Receptors bind signal to cause a conformational change in the ____________, activating it

A

receptor

45
Q

The active signal or receptor complex enters the __________ and binds specific genes to activate them

A

nucleus

46
Q

What is a hormone that activates a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase?

A

Epidermal Growth Factor

47
Q

What does the hormone EGF stimulate throughout the body?

A

Cell Division

48
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases are secreted by ________________ Cells into the blood and is carried throughout the body

A

Endocrine

49
Q

Two Epidermal Growth Factors each bind a receptor, which binds and ________________ each other on tyrosine amino acids

A

phosphorylate

50
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: the now activated receptor activates _______ which then binds and activates _______

A

Grb
Sos

51
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: activated ______ causes Ras to release GDP and GTP bind, which activates Ras

A

Sos

52
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: _____ is the first Kinase in an Enzyme cascade

A

Ras

53
Q

Ras binds and phosphorylated Raf, which binds and phosphorylates…

A

Erk

54
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Erk then enters the Nucleus and phosphorylates ______________ factors like Myc and Fos

A

transcription

55
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: They bind genes (maybe 100) which then produce ____________ that stimulate cell division

A

proteins

56
Q

Since most signals can’t enter the cell, they depend on a ___________ ___________ to produce the cellular response

A

second messenger

57
Q

Second Messengers typically produce quick and short ____________ responses

A

cellular

58
Q

When G Protein Receptors activate G Proteins, the _______ subunit is freed up, in turn activates a variety of other proteins

A

alpha

59
Q

One common enzyme activated by alpha subunits is…

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

60
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase is a membrane-bound enzyme, attached to the interior of the…

A

Plasma Membrane

61
Q

The function of Adenylyl Cyclase is to remove _________________ from ATP, producing cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

pyrophosphate

62
Q

cAMP is a common….

A

second messenger

63
Q

One common effect of cAMP is to activate….(PKA)

A

Protein Kinase A

64
Q

PKA has two Regulatory Subunits that repress the two Catalytic subunits which phosphorylate and activate other…

A

proteins

65
Q

cAMP binds the ___________ subunits which frees them from the _____________ subunits

A

Regulatory
Catalytic

66
Q

Once the Catalytic subunit is freed it is…

A

active

67
Q

Active PKA uses PO4 groups from _______ to phosphorylate and activate other proteins, causing a cellular response

A

ATP

68
Q

Second Messengers have _______ durations

A

short

69
Q

Phosphodiesterase hydrolyses cAMP to ATP, removing it from the Regulatory subunits of…

A

PKA

70
Q

The Regulatory subunits then rebind the _____________ subunits of PKA, inactivating them

A

Catalytic

71
Q

When PKA is activated it phosphorylates Phosphorylase Kinase which activates Glycogen Phosphorylase, which cutes Glucose-Phosphate from _____________, making it available to muscles

A

Glycogen

72
Q

PKA also phosphorylates Glycogen Synthase, inactivating it to promote ____________ breakdown rather than synthesis

A

Glycogen

73
Q

G proteins can activate ___________ other than adenylyl cyclase

A

enzymes

74
Q

_______ binds G Protein-coupled Receptor

A

Signal

75
Q

Activated G Protein alpha subunit activates….

A

Phospholipids C

76
Q

Phospholipase C cleaves Phospatidylinositol releasing Diacylglycerol and Inositol Phosphate (IP3), both of which are…

A

Second Messengers

77
Q

IP3 will bind to a Ligand-gated Ca+ channel on the _____, opening the channel

A

ER

78
Q

Ca+ is actively transported into the ER so when the channel opens, _____ flows out

A

Ca+

79
Q

Ca+ is another __________ Messenger

A

Second

80
Q

In conjunction with Diacylglycerol, Ca+ binds and activates…

A

Protein Kinase C

81
Q

Ca+ by itself can also bind and activate the protein _____________, which in turn alters the function of still other cellular proteins

A

Calmodulin

82
Q

Second messengers __________ the signal so that each successive step in the pathway produces more and more messengers

A

amplify

83
Q

Second messengers are generally ________ and ______________

A

small and hydropholic

84
Q

Second messengers being small and hydrophilic allows them to rapidly diffuse throughout the cell to produce a ________ response

A

quick

85
Q

Hormones are chemicals secreted in minute quantities into the _______________ which have effects in distant parts of the body

A

bloodstream

86
Q

Hormones can either be steroid and enter through _____________, or proteins and bind _____________ to produce a second messenger

A

membranes
receptors

87
Q

Only cells with receptors for that hormone can respond to the _______________

A

hormone

88
Q

Different receptors have different affinities for a hormone, so depending on the __________, some will respond and others will not

A

concentration

89
Q

Different cells have different _______________ pathways, so respond differently

A

transduction

90
Q

Different cell types may not express certain proteins, even if…

A

stimulated

91
Q

Glycogen breakdown is under the influence of Epinephrine/Adrenaline which is the enzyme responsible for that ____________

A

breakdown

92
Q

But if Glycogen Phosphorylase is not expressed in the cell there will be no response even if…

A

stimulated

93
Q

Apoptosis is….

A

cellular death

94
Q

The death of some cells during development is normal and helps form the ____________ of the body

A

organs

95
Q

Cells experiencing extensive damage are programmed to die rather than damage other cells and the life of the whole….

A

organism

96
Q

Intrinsic and Extrinsic signal transduction pathways lead to…

A

apoptosis

97
Q

Internal damage, such as massive damage to DNA can produce ___________ signals leading to Apoptosis

A

internal

98
Q

Surface proteins on the _______________ play a key role in this Intrinsic Pathway leading to Apoptosis

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

________________ signals can also, through a different pathway, promote apoptosis

A

Extracellular

100
Q

There are death receptors in the ______ ______________ of cells

A

cell membranes

101
Q

When bound by a signal the death receptor initiates a cellular response leading to a programmed cell…

A

death

102
Q

Apoptosis usually involves the activation of ______________ which destroy the cytoskeleton and Dnases which destroy the DNA

A

proteases

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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