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Biology 224 > Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter Fourteen: The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin consists of what two things?

A

DNA and Proteins

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2
Q

One complete, double stranded DNA molecule makes a…

A

Chromatid

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3
Q

True or False:
Chromosomes may have one or two chromatids

A

True

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4
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Histones and Nonhistones

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5
Q

Nucleosome Cores:
Consist of two copies each of how many different histone proteins?

A

4

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6
Q

Histone H1 connects DNA to the…and connects adjacent cores together

A

Nucleosome Core

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7
Q

No histone proteins are more varied but less…

A

numerous

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8
Q

Nonhistone proteins are thought to control individual…by binding or dissociating from the DNA

A

genes

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9
Q

Chromosomes consist of 1 or 2…

A

Chromatids

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10
Q

Sister Chromatids: Genetically…., one is used as template to make the other

A

identical

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11
Q

Centromere: visible as a constricted region, it represents the area to which…attach during cell divisions

A

microtubules

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12
Q

In…organisms chromosomes are inherited in sets, one set from each parent

A

Diploid

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13
Q

There are two copies of each chromosomes, one inherited from each…

A

parent

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14
Q

The two copies of each chromosome are termed…

A

Homologues

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15
Q

…organisms or cells, contain a single copy of each chromosome

A

Haploid

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16
Q

In Diploid organisms, the only cells which are haploid would be the…, or sex cells

A

gametes

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17
Q

Interphase consists of what three separate phases?

A

G1
S
G2

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18
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein Synthesis and growth predominate, organelles replicate and cell size doubles

A

G1

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19
Q

What phase of interphase?
- DNA replicates to build second (sister) chromatid using the original as a copy
- DNA Replication

A

S

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20
Q

What phase of interphase?
- Protein synthesis again predominates, producing materials needed for division (tubular for microtubules)

A

G2

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21
Q

What is this process called?
- Distributes exact copies of genetic information to the daughter cells

A

Mitosis

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22
Q

Prophase is characterized by
1. …of each individual chromosome
2. …of the Nucleolus
3. …separate and move to opposite nuclear poles
4. Disintegration of the Nuclear Membrane into…
5. …attach to chromosomes

A

Condensation
Disappearance
Centrosomes
Vesicles
Spindle Fibers

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23
Q

Centrosome replicates during…

A

G1

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24
Q

During prophase, the centrosomes…and move to opposite sides of the cell

A

separate

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25
Q

Centrosome establishes the two…of the cell

A

poles

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26
Q

Centrosomes control the growth of…

A

microtubules

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27
Q

Microtubules Organizing regions - control the…of microtubules

A

growth

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28
Q

Polar microtubules run from…to…

A

Pole to Pole

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29
Q

Kinetochore Microtubules run from Centrosome to…

A

Centromere

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30
Q

Metaphase:
- …move chromosomes to metaphase plate

A

spindle fibers

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31
Q

Anaphase:
- separation of…and movement to opposite poles

A

chromatids

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32
Q

Anaphase:
…degrades proteins holding sister chromatids together

A

Separase

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33
Q

Cytoplasmic Dynein walks chromosomes along…

A

microtubules

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34
Q

Telophase:
1. Cytokinesis
2. Reversal of…with uncondensation of chromosomes, reformation of nuclear membrane and nucleolus, breakdown of mitotic spindle

A

Prophase

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35
Q

Telophase:
In animal cells, cytokinesis is accomplished by constriction of a band of microfilaments of…and…

A

actin and myosin

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36
Q

In plant cells, vesicles are pulled down microtubules highways by kinetic motors and they fuse to form the new…

A

plasma membrane

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37
Q

Cytokinesis is the division of the…

A

Cytoplasm

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38
Q

Cytokinesis is accomplished using the combined action of at least 20 different…

A

proteins

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39
Q

What is the division of the nucleus called?

A

Mitosis

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40
Q

Mitosis + Cytokinesis = divides the entire cell into two…cells

A

daughter

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41
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Ploidy of cells formed: same as…cell

A

mother

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42
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Number of cells formed:…

A

two

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43
Q

The result of Mitosis:
- Genetic makeup of cells formed: genetic…

A

clones

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44
Q

Two groups of…control the Cell Cycle

A

proteins

45
Q

Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdk) are proteins which are activated when bound by…

A

Cyclin

46
Q

Are Cdks always present through the mitotic cycle?

A

yes

47
Q

…are produced then destroyed during particular stages in the mitotic cycle

A

Cyclins

48
Q

The Mitotic Cell Cycle is regulated by a cascade of…activities

A

Protein Kinase

49
Q

The signal is…in strength by the protein kinase cascade activity in cell signaling

A

amplified

50
Q

Initially, only…is present in G1

A

CDK

51
Q

True or False:
Cyclins are produced in G1

A

False

52
Q

Passage through G1: If growth conditions are favorable, Cyclins are produced, bind to and activate…

A

Cdks

53
Q

Active CDK phosphorylates the protein…, inactivating it

A

RB

54
Q

Active RB blocks entry through the…point

A

restriction

55
Q

Active…normally binds E2F a regulatory Transcription Factor

A

RB

56
Q

When RB is phosphorylated, it releases…, which binds genes, promoting the Transcription of proteins promoting cell division

A

E2F

57
Q

Cyclin is not continually active from the…phase of the cycle onward

A

S

58
Q

…is degraded at the end of each phase and does not remain active for the next cycle

A

Cyclin

59
Q

During G1: Cdk4 is activated by…

A

Cyclin D

60
Q

During G1: Cdk2 is activated by…

A

Cyclin E

61
Q

Active Cdks phosphorylate and inactivate RB which allows cells to pass restriction point and enter…phase

A

S

62
Q

During the S phase, Cyclin…is produced

A

A

63
Q

Cyclin A activates Cdk2 which stimulates…

A

DNA replication

64
Q

Passage through G2: When DNA is fully replicated, …is produced to activate Cdk1 for entry into Mitosis

A

Cyclin B

65
Q

Different…are produced at different stages of the cell cycle

A

Cyclins

66
Q

Cyclins activate different CDKs which begin an…cascade to activate passage through a different portion of interphase

A

enzyme

67
Q

CDKs control the passage of…through the cell cycle

A

cells

68
Q

Radiation damage stimulates production of…

A

p21

69
Q

p21 binds G1-CDK preventing Cyclin from binding and activating it before the…damage can be repaired and the cell progres to S phase

A

DNA

70
Q

The…is a pictorial representation of all the chromosomes of an organism or a cell

A

Karyotype

71
Q

…cells have one copy of each chromosome, resulting from Meiosis

A

Haploid

72
Q

The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number from the diploid to the…number

A

haploid

73
Q

Prophase 1:
Nuclear membrane disappears into…

A

vesicles

74
Q

Prophase 1:
…disappears

A

Nucleolus

75
Q

Prophase 1:
Centrosomes move to…nuclear poles

A

opposite

76
Q

Prophase 1:
…fibers form

A

spindle

77
Q

Prophase 1:
As chromosomes begin to condense,…occurs

A

synapsis

78
Q

Synapsis:
Homologous chromosomes pair and form…

A

Bivalents

79
Q

Synapsis:
Chiasmata form - exchange between non-sister…

A

chromatids

80
Q

Synaptonemal complex includes enzymes which cut non-sister chromatids and connect the…ends to recombine the homologous chromosomes

A

wrong

81
Q

The added genetic variation produced by…the genes allowing Microevolution Independent Assortment of Chromosomes also increases genetic recombination

A

shuffling

82
Q

Metaphase 1:
Bivalents are moved to the…plate

A

Metaphase

83
Q

Anaphase 1:
Homologous Chromosomes are…

A

separated

84
Q

Telophase 1:
Cytokinesis forms 2…cells

A

Haploid

85
Q

The second meiotic division is similar to and different from mitosis. Sister chromatids are…

A

separated

86
Q

Does DNA replication occur in interkinesis?

A

No

87
Q

Prophase 2:
Mitotic Spindle forms,…to sister chromatids

A

connecting

88
Q

Metaphase 2:
…are lined up at the metaphase plate

A

chromosomes

89
Q

Anaphase 2:
- sister chromatids are…to opposite poles

A

separated

90
Q

Telophase 2:
- Cytokinesis occurs forming…haploid cells

A

4

91
Q

The result of Meiosis:
- Ploidy of cells formed:…

A

Haploid

92
Q

The result of Meiosis:
- Number of cells formed:…

A

four

93
Q

The result of Meiosis:
Genetic makeup of cells formed: all different from each other and the original “…” cell

A

mother

94
Q

Life Cycles:
1. Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular, Adult Diploids
- sexual reproduction: gametes formed by…

A

meiosis

95
Q

Life Cycles:
2. Kingdom Fungi - Multicellular, Adult Haploids
- Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…

A

mitosis

96
Q

Life Cycles:
3. Kingdom Plantae - Alternation of Generations
- Sexual Reproduction: gametes formed by…

A

mitosis

97
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- loss of a portion of a chromosome
- like duplications, is usually fatal in humans

A

Deletions

98
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- During Synapsis or DNA replication, errors can occur
- These occur when a portion of a chromosome is duplicated and inserted into a chromosome with the normal copies

A

Duplications

99
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- Inverts 180 degree a chromosomal section
- while not fatal, can reduce fertility

A

Inversion

100
Q

Meiotic Errors:
What is this?
- moves a section to another chromosome
- while not fatal, can reduce fertility

A

Translocation

101
Q

Errors in meiosis can result in several types of chromosomal…

A

mutations

102
Q

…occurs when chromosomes do not separate during Meiosis 1 or 2

A

Nondisjunction

103
Q

True or False:
A cell that receives both copies has two copies of that chromosome instead of one

A

True

104
Q

…occurs when there are not two copies in a diploid cell for one or more chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

105
Q

Aneuploidy can be caused by nondisjunction during what two things?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

106
Q

…chromosome is present only once or more than twice

A

one

107
Q

Aneuploidy in humans is almost always fatal. An exception is for…chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes

108
Q

…occurs when all the chromosomes are present more than twice

A

Polyploidy

Biology 224 (16 decks)

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