Chapter Three: Organic Molecules Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What is an Organic Molecule?
A
Has a chain or ring of carbon atoms and a variety or group of atoms attached
2
Q
What determines the shape and function of Organic Molecules?
A
Functional Groups
3
Q
What is a Functional Group?
A
groups of atoms that are covalently linked to carbon skeletons
4
Q
What kind of groups?
A
Amino groups
5
Q
Is an Amino Group polar or non-polar?
A
polar
6
Q
What kind of group?
A
Carbonyl Groups
7
Q
Is a Carbonyl Group polar or non-polar?
A
polar
8
Q
What are Carbonyl Groups found in?
A
Carbohydrates
9
Q
What kind of Carbonyl?
A
Aldehyde
10
Q
What kind of Carbonyl?
A
Ketone
11
Q
What two groups is in an Amino Acid?
A
Amino and Carboxyl groups
12
Q
What group is this?
A
Carboxyl Group
13
Q
Are Carboxyl groups polar or non-polar?
A
polar
14
Q
Ketones
A
possess internal Carbonyl group
15
Q
Aldehydes
A
Have the Carbonyl group on the terminal end
16
Q
What kind of group is this?
A
Hydroxyl Group
17
Q
Are Hydroxyl groups polar or non-polar?
A
polar
18
Q
What kind of group is this?
A
Methyl Group
19
Q
Are Methyl Groups polar or non-polar?
A
non-polar
20
Q
What kind of group is this?
A
Phosphate Group
21
Q
Are Phosphate Groups polar or non-polar?
A
Polar
22
Q
What type of group?
A
Sulfate Group
23
Q
Are Sulfate Groups polar or non-polar?
A
Polar
24
Q
What are Carboxyl Groups found in?
A
Organic acids
25
What is an example of a Ketone?
Fructose
26
What is an example of an Aldehyde?
Glucose
27
What are Hydroxyls found in?
Alcohol
28
What are Phosphate groups found in?
Nucleic Acids
29
What are Sulfate Groups found in? (3)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
30
What kind of group is this?
Sulfhydryl Group
31
Are Sulfhydryl groups polar or non-polar?
Polar
32
What are Sulfhydryl groups found in?
Thiols
33
NH2
Amino Groups
34
CO
Carbonyl Groups
35
COOH
Carboxyl Groups
36
OH
Hydroxyl Group
37
CH3
Methyl Groups
38
PO4(2-)
Phosphate Groups
39
SO4-
Sulfate Groups
40
SH
Sulfhydryl Groups
41
Isomer
chemical compounds with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms (structural formula)
42
How do Structural Isomers differ?
how they are joined
43
How do Optical Isomers differ?
Do not have the same shape
44
What are the two forms of Isomers?
Dextrorotary and Levorotary
45
Where are L-amino acids found?
Proteins of living organisms
46
What type of enzymes do not recognize L-sugars?
Enzymes responsible for Carbohydrate Synthesis
47
Polymers
Large complex molecules
48
Monomers
Smaller molecules
49
How are polymers constructed?
Condensation Reaction
50
Condensation Reaction
Water is removed from two Hydroxyl Groups and the remaining Oxygen holds the two Monosaccharides together using an Ester Bond to form a Disaccharide
51
Hydrolytic Reaction
Water is inserted, breaking the Ester Bond, forming two Monosaccharides from a Disaccharide
52
What is the monomer to Lipids (polymer)?
Fatty Acids
53
What is the monomer to Carbohydrates (polymer)?
Monosaccharides
54
What is the monomer to Proteins (polymer)?
Amino Acids
55
What is the monomer to Nucleic Acids (polymer)?
Nucleotides
56
What are sugars and starches?
Carbohydrates
57
What are monomeric subunits?
Monosaccharides
58
What does the molecular structure of Carbohydrates consist of?
Every middle Carbon has a Hydrogen atom and Hydroxyl Group
59
One Carbonyl Group, many Hydroxyl groups, and sometimes a Phosphate group is….
a Functional Group
60
Are carbohydrates short-term or long-term storage?
Short-term
61
What are carbohydrates a structural unit for?
Cell Walls
62
How many subunits is a Monosaccharide?
1
63
How many carbons does a monosaccharide need to have
5
64
Is the Hydroxyl on the alpha glucose above or below?
below
65
Is the Hydroxyl on the beta glucose above or below?
above
66
By what bond reaction do Monosaccharides connect in the condensation reaction?
Ester Bond
67
What kind of linkage is made when two Monosaccharides come together?
Glycosidic Linkage
68
How many subunits are in a disaccharide?
2
69
How many subunits in Oligosaccharides?
12-20
70
What two things do Oligosaccharides covalently make when bonded to proteins or lipids?
Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
71
Polysaccharides
have many subunits
72
Each monosaccharide in a polysaccharide has multiple sites where additional ________ __________ are possible
Glycosidic Linkages
73
What are Lipids frequently called?
Hydrocarbons
74
Are lipids polar or nonpolar?
nonpolar
75
What is the monomeric subunit of a Lipid?
Fatty Acid
76
Amino Groups are…
carbohydrates
77
What is the Exoskeleton made of?
Carbohydrates
78
Is the Hydrocarbon straight or bent when it is saturated?
straight
79
How many covalent bonds does a saturated fatty acid have?
single (one)
80
How many bonds does an unsaturated fatty acid have?
double
81
Is the hydrocarbon chain bent or straight in an unsaturated fatty acid?
bent
82
What type of fatty acid is packed tightly and are more solid?
Saturated Fatty Acids
83
What type of fatty acid is more spread out and are more liquid?
Unsaturated Fatty Acid
84
Liquid Polymers can be built with the molecule…
Glycerol
85
What is a Glycerol?
a 3-Carbon molecule with each carbon containing a Hydroxyl group
86
What do Hydroxyl groups participate in?
Condensation reactions
87
What word should you think of when you hear Organic Molecules?
Carbon
88
What can two (chemical structures) things can amino groups be?
NH3+ or NH2
89
What is a Triglyceride?
Glycerol with 3 Fatty Acids
90
What are phospholipids?
Modified Diglycerides
91
What do phospholipids consist of (groups)?
Hydroxyl (alcohol) is attached to a phosphate group which is attached to a Carbon 3 in Glycerol
92
What type of reactions connect phospholipid components?
Condensation and Hydration Reactions
93
Are phospholipids polar or nonpolar?
Both, polar heads and non-polar tails
94
What are carotenoids?
A family of pigments
95
What are steroids?
A family of molecules that contain a series of four rings
96
3 types of other lipids
Steroids
Vitamins
Waxes
97
What are proteins built from?
Amino Acid Monomers
98
True or False: Proteins are the most diverse group of Organic Molecules
True
99
3 Functions of Proteins
Control of Biochemical Reactions
Cellular Defense
Control of Physiological Processes
100
What is the function of proteins as a receptor?
recept different hormones or other signals in the cell
101
What is the function of proteins in storage?
They store things for Amino Acids
102
What is an example of a transport protein?
Hemoglobin
103
What is the function of proteins in genetic regulation?
Proteins bind to DNA to activate or inactivate different genes
104
What is this? What are the 4 parts?
An Amino Acid
- Amino Group
- Carboxyl Group
- Hydrogen atom
- Side (R) group
105
What gives the Amino Acids their different properties?
The Side (R) groups
106
How are Amino Acids polymerized (connected)?
Condensation Reaction
107
What does the polymerization of Amino Acids result in?
A Carbon-Nitrogen covalent (peptide) bond
108
What are the four different levels of structure of proteins?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
109
What does the secondary structure contain?
Alpha Helix
Beta Pleated Sheet
110
When do alpha helixes form?
When the primary structure of the protein’s chain forms a right-handed coil
111
When do B pleated sheets form?
When the primary structure of the protein’s chain bends back and Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent rows
112
Secondary structure
regular, repeating patterns of hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino and carboxyl groups
113
Tertiary Structure
Overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide (entire protein)
114
Primary structure
the linear sequence of amino acids
115
What six bonds and between what is the Tertiary structure maintained by?
Covalent - adjacent amino acids
Covalent - between specific Cysteine side groups
Hydrogen - between various side groups
Hydrophobic - non-polar amino acids
van der Waals forces
Ionic Bonds - charged amino acids
116
What is the Quaternary structure composed of?
many polypeptides
117
What four forces hold quaternary structure?
Hydrophobic Interactions
van der Waals Forces
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Bonds
118
What allows proteins to bind non-covalently to other molecules?
Shape and structure
119
What allows proteins to react with other molecules
exposed side groups on the surface of proteins
120
Each domain in a protein is encoded by a distinct region of the gene (__________)
Exon
121
Each domain has a distinct ___________ in the Protein.
function
122
Ligand-binding domain
required for estrogen to bind and activate protein
123
Nuclear localization domain
required to transport protein to the nucleus of the cell
124
DNA-binding domain:
required for protein to bind to specific gene(s)
125
Activation Domain:
required for protein to activate the target gene
126
Chaperone proteins
attach to proteins to help them assume their correct shape
127
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNA
RNA
128
What is RNA used to do in terms of proteins?
RNA is used to take the information in DNA and make proteins
129
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides
130
What are the three parts of Nucleotides
1. Pentose Sugar
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogen-rich Base
131
How are nucleotides connected together?
Condensation Reactions
132
What are the sugars connected to above and below by ester bonds that are formed by condensation reactions?
Phosphate groups
133
What is that backbone of DNA
Sugar-Phosphate
134
Where do the bases project in the DNA strands?
Toward the center
135
What holds the two strands together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonding
136
A purine always pairs with a _______
Pyrimidine
137
How many Hydrogen bonds connect Cytosine and Guanine?
3
138
How many Hydrogen bonds pair Adenine and Thymine or Adenine and Uracil?
2
139
DNA can reproduce itself exactly in ________________
Replication
140
DNA can copy its information into RNA in _______________
Transcription
141
RNA is used to order a specific sequence of amino acids in proteins in ___________________
Translation
142
ATP
energy intermediary in many important biochemical pathways
143
GTP
energy intermediary in Translation
144
cAMP
a second messenger important in transferring the signal from a hormone to the interior of a cell
145
What do Carbohydrates store? (3)
Sucrose
Starch
Glycogen
146
Where are only D-monosaccharides found?
Carbohydrates of living organisms
147
Enzymes responsible for protein synthesis do not recognize or process ______________
D-amino acids
148
The Hydrogen can be removed to link two _______________ Groups together, forming a Disulfide Bridge
Sulfhydryl
149
What do Sulfhydryl Groups play an important role in?
Stabilizing the three-dimensional shape of organic molecules
by proteins forming disulfide bridges
150
Where can Sulfate Groups be found? (3)
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
151
What Group can be both COOH or COO?
Carboxyl Groups
152
What is the primary structure of proteins dependent on?
The covalent bonds between the amino acids
153
What reaction is this?
Amino Acid Condensation Reaction
154
What do proteins use for cellular defense?
Antibodies
155
What do proteins use to control biochemical reactions?
enzymes
156
What is the starting point for the synthesis of other steroids, many of which are hormones?
Cholesterol
157
The nature that a molecule can be both polar and nonpolar?
Amphipathic
158
What carotenoid aids in photosynthesis?
B-Carotene
159
Phospholipids naturally form a double layer when placed in a(n) __________ solution
aqueous
160
What is this?
Phospholipid
161
____________ are the major form of long-term energy storage in fat (adipose tissue)
Triglycerides
162
What molecule is this?
Glycerol
163
If something had 100 ml, then it has how many liters?
0.1
164
In protein structure, what level depends only on Covalent Bonding?
Primary
165
In RNA, phosphate groups are connected to….
Ribose
166
What is the function of ATP?
an energy source in cells
