chapter nineteen

Question 1

great patriotic war

Answer 1

1941-45
mainly affected leningrad, moscow and kiev
germans moved focus to stalingrad in 1942
1943 turning point where russia began to push back the germans until 1945 (end of war)

Question 2

operation barborossa

Answer 2

june 1941
german invasion of the ussr

Question 3

when did red army take berlin/germanys surrender

Answer 3

may 1945

Question 4

absolute monarch

Answer 4

a monarch who wields unrestricted political power over the state and its empire

Question 5

when was the battle for moscow

Answer 5

november 1941

Question 6

immediate wartime leadership after attack

Answer 6

stalins first wartime order was made with politburo
(demanded that german air force be destroyed, as well as invading forces)

left public announcement to molotov (announcement of the war to the nation)

took over a week for stalin to plan strategies regarding the war

Question 7

changes in authority in june-july 1941

Answer 7

23/06 stavka (supreme military command) is established to be in control of military planning

30/06 state defence committee (GKO) set up BY POLITBURO (civillian body responsible for organisation with absolute authority - made up 5 people before expanding to 8 in 1942)

01/07 stalin resumes role (after going into hiding for a week, dk why) as head of state, and becomes head of GKO as well

03/07 stalin makes first public wartime adress

20/07 stalin assumes general overall military command

Question 8

what did stalin use to make the people passionate in his wartime speeches

Answer 8

russia as opposed to communism or the soviet system (war of patriotism rather than ideology)

Question 9

zhukov

Answer 9

civil war veteran
proved capability in his defence of moscow 1941-42

appointed deputy commander in chief of red army

organised defence of stalingrad
led red army in 1945, where they captured berlin

but was demoted post war due to his role in great patriotic war

Question 10

‘terror’ during war under stalin

Answer 10

men of talent were brought back out from gulags to fight in the war

but resumed under high stalinism

Question 11

wartime opposition

Answer 11

no outright opposition to stalins authority, but not all russians were supportive

nkvd very vigilant in the period

some national minorities areas (estonia, lithuania, belorussia, ukraine) welcomes german soldiers as liberators compared to stalin
and fought with the germans against the red army
(probably over 1million joined hitler, but were a lesser ‘slav’ group rather than aryan)

certain terror tactics were still present (not one step backwards)

Question 12

not one step backwards (order 227)

Answer 12

july 1942

no soldiers who tried to retreat would be shot on sight

over 150,000 soldiers were sentenced to death because of this

Question 13

political impact of the war

Answer 13

stalin deported many ‘suspect ethnic groups for political intergration

stalin brought back the special badges of rank within military
and increased emphasis on political education of troops
with increased military membership in the party (50% of membership by 1945)

massive increases in membership in general due to increased patriotism

Question 14

deportation in ussr during wartime

Answer 14

stalin took action to prevent political disintergration (due to the multicultural and multinational state of empire)
he deported ‘suspect’ ethnic groups (the chekens, and crimean tartars)

around 1.5 million total people forced to deport with only 2/3 surviving the journey to kazakstan/siberia
(arguably extension to purges)

Question 15

party membership during the war

Answer 15

5million new candidate members
3.6 million new members
2.5million members were military (army / navy)

Question 16

scorched earth policy

Answer 16

destroying anything useful to the enemy before retreating
(under stalins orders

Question 17

economic impact of the war

Answer 17

german occupied ussr terriority by 1941 owned 63% of the countrys coal, 68% of its iron, 41% of arable land and 45% of its steel
(however some was ruined by scorched earth policy)

industrial shift from west to east of ussr

military spending of gov expenditure increased

by 1943 industrial output exceeded germany, and the quality was superior
but still massive food shortages

Question 18

industrial shift from west to east of ussr during war

Answer 18

physically oved over 1500 factories to siberia/urals/central asia (with their workers) in mid to late 1941

new railways built or redirected to easten russia - linking to the front lines

Question 19

military spending of gov expenditure during war

Answer 19

was 57% by 1942 versus the 29% from before

Question 20

what economic management advantage did the ussr have

Answer 20

however due to the centralised/command economy of the ussr, easier to manage than most western countries

Question 21

grain harvest 1942 vs 1940

Answer 21

only 1/3rd of the yield

Question 22

how did the ussr deal with the food shortages

Answer 22

harsh rationings
demanding quotas on collective farms
peasants were still allowed to sell off private plots for the morale/incentive and output

+ considerable foreign aid

Question 23

foriegn aid for the ussr during the war

Answer 23

never advertised to the soviet people (for propoganda)

usa and uk supplied essential mar materials (lorries, tyres, telephones)

17.5million tons of military equipment, vehicles, industrial supplies, food to ussr
94% from the usa

land lease scheme of 1941 gave ussr 11billion dollars from usa

usa supplied planes, tanks, vehicles, raw materials, 5 million tons of food

by the end of the war, over 60% of vehicles in ussr came from overseas

Question 24

social impact of the war on soldiers and workers

Answer 24

december 1941 became law for mobolisation of all undrafted workers for war work

overtime became obligatory and holidays suspended

working day increased to 12 hours

factories were placed under martial law (severe punishments for negligence, lateness or absences)
unauthorised abscence from work classed as desertion which was punishable by death

became an offence to be taken captive

2x the amount of ussr soldiers casulties a day than the allies

Question 25

social impact of the war on living conditions

Answer 25

chronic food shortages massively decreased SoL 25million deaths in ussr from starvation estimated housing and fuel shortages also present especially due to high amounts of refugees from the west bitter winters of 1941-42 and many were homeless gulag labour used to maintain supplies death rate in gulags 1942 was 25% but was endlessly renewable due to harsh punishments for everyone else

Question 26

social impact of the war on propoganda and culture

Answer 26

stalin used patriotism and religion to sustain support from the people posters had "long live our motherland" and "death to german invaders!" deeply anti german and patriotic writings appearing in pravda with messages of heroism and self sacrifice 1943-1944 the national anthem was replaced with an even more patriotic one (hymn of the soviet union) musicians gave concerts hailed as as a denunciation of fascism, played on speakers throughout cities

Question 27

landlease

Answer 27

a programme where the usa supplied the ussr and other nations with food and wartime materials between 1941-1945 the aid was free (although some things were expected to be returned at some point)

Question 28

social impact of the war on church

Answer 28

pause in the prosecution of the churches many where reopened the russian patriach (whose position had been abolished by the tsars) was restored and clergy released from camps (priests ad bishops had to swear oaths to the soviet state) services became patriotic gatherings surrounding praises of stalin and denouncing germany priests blessed military troops and machinery but churchs real autonomy was very limited and no other christian sectors other than orthodox (became a somewhat religious arm of the government)

Question 29

social impact of the war on women and the family

Answer 29

july 1944 measures taken to try and fix falling birth rates and population due to deaths at war (taxes were increased for those with fewer than 2 children, restrictions in divorce tightened, abortion forbidden, familial propoganda) by 1945 over 50% of workers were women still expected to be homemakers / maternal duties over 500,000 women fought in soviet army as pilots, snipers and tank commanders women pay rates fell between 1930 and 1945

Question 30

social impact of the war on partisans

Answer 30

many soviets were left behind in german occupied territories after 1941 some formed partisan groups and used guerilla tactics to sabotage many of the estimated 300,000 - 1,000,000 partisans by 1943/1945 were women many died and were tortured by the nazis- became martyrs for propoganda

Question 31

partisan

Answer 31

a member of an armed group formed to fight secretly against an occupying force

Question 32

effect of war on stalin

Answer 32

reputation soared and become known as a national hero by 1945 his power was secured due to his overwhelming popularity but he became much more paranoid after the war, shown through his treatment of prisoners of war and prominant officers and nkvds filtration camps or gulags to avoid idealogical contamination for servicemen returning

Question 33

effect of war on government

Answer 33

victory proved stalin system worked helped increased popularity and therefore stability of the government system and people stalin returned to his pre war position as head of government and party sectary and kept all same men to serve in his politburo as pre-war showing no government change as a result of the war (stalin said no ambitions to change the system)

Question 34

civillians death from the war

Answer 34

19 million

Question 35

soldiers death from the war

Answer 35

9 million

Question 36

impact of war on the people

Answer 36

increased western influence (western allies, returning soldiers and the land lease scheme) disproved the propoganda of the drab and dismal west with hollywood films and western music the many deaths really wrecked soviet communities morale, but also made them more hopeful for a reason for the tragedy