chapter three

Question 1

death of Alexander IIs son and heir year

Answer 1

1865

Question 2

attempted assassination of Alexander II year

Answer 2

1866

Question 3

reaction/reactionary government

Answer 3

actions/policies that are backwards looking in an attempt to restore the past

Question 4

when did Alexander II switch to a reactionary government

Answer 4

1866

Question 5

education reactions

Answer 5

liberal minister for education replaced with conservative

zemstva power over education reduced

church regained authority over rural schools

schools ordered to follow a traditional curriculum and stop teaching natural sciences

more liberal uni courses replaces w traditional ones

subjects like lit, science, modern languages and history were forced out

Question 6

police/law/control reactions

Answer 6

new head of third section who strengthened police and stepped up persecution of other ethnic and religious minorities

radicals who fled were liable to be tracked down

introduction of show trails, which were taken back in 1878

Question 7

the third section

Answer 7

secret police

Question 8

show trial

Answer 8

a trial that took place in front of the public for proganda/scare purposes- usually radical/political crimes

Question 9

why did show trials backfire?

Answer 9

jury were sympathetic to the revolutionaries, and often acquitted

Question 10

how many defendants were acquitted in the trial of 193

Answer 10

153/193 were found not guilty despite evidence

Question 11

the loris-melikov constitution

Answer 11

recommended the inclusion of elected representatives of the nobility, of the zemstva and town governments in debating the drafts of some sate decrees, was signed by alexander ii the morning of 13 march 1881 to discuss with the council of ministers

Question 12

13 march 1881

Answer 12

loris-melikov constitution signed

alexander ii assassinated

Question 13

constitution

Answer 13

a set of rules by which a country is governed, for example regarding where power lies/who makes the laws

Question 14

alexander iii compared to alexander ii

Answer 14

more conservative (influenced by tutor) / highly reactionary

very fearful of revolution

no wars under his reign

Question 15

alexander iii manifesto 1881

Answer 15

manifesto of unshakeable autocracy

Question 16

alexander iii first action as tsar

Answer 16

public hangings of anyone involved in his fathers assasination

Question 17

land captains

Answer 17

‘land captains’ created july 1889- had power to override zemstva elections + could disregard their decisions - were also made responsible for law enforcment and, especially in the countryside, would ignore the court judicial system

Question 18

changes in local government

Answer 18

land captains july 1889

1890 act made to reduce peasants vote in countryside, then in 1892 in towns as well

Question 19

changes in policing

Answer 19

increase in number of police

increase in branches of police

increased drive to recruit spies + counter-spies and ‘agent provocateurs’ who would pose as revolutionaries to incriminate others

police allowed to search, arrest, detain, question, imprison or exile anyone who had commited/related to someone who had comitted a crime

Question 19

summary executions

Answer 19

execution without a free/fair trial

Question 20

okhrana

Answer 20

‘secret police’ - could read mail, overlook factories, universities, the army, etc. and detain any suspects of crimes- especially revolutionary, resorting to torture and summary executions

Question 21

how did alexander iii’s reign start

Answer 21

with a public hanging of the consiprators involved in his fathers assasination

and 1881 manifesto of unshakeable autocracy

Question 22

almost examples of immediate reactionary political policies after alexander iii’s reign started

Answer 22

Loris-Melikov proposals were abandoned and reforming ministers, including Dmitry Milyutin, resigned,

Question 23

changes in judicial system

Answer 23

the judicial reforms from alexander ii were partially reversed

1885 decree provided for minister of justice to exercise greater control

1887 ministry granted powers to hold closed court sessions

1887 property and educational qualifications of the jury was raised

Question 24

closed court sessions

Answer 24

trial held in secret to which no observers were permitted nor reporting

Question 25

changes in education

Answer 25

1884 charter made the appointment of educational professionals (e.g. chancellors, deans, professors) based on 'religious, moral and patriotic orientation' rather than academics university students banned from gathering in groups of more than 5 primary education in hands of orthodox church, and not encouraged for children of lower classes however failed to prevent student involvement in illegal political movements (esp. in 1890s) and prevented modernisation

Question 26

literacy rates in 1897

Answer 26

21% were literate

Question 27

changes in censorship

Answer 27

1882 government committee formed to 'temporarily' regulate media newspapers shut down life bans placed on editors and publishers all literary publications had to be officially approved russification extended to theatre, art and culture

Question 28

positive change under alexander iii

Answer 28

may 1881 redemption fee payments reduced may 1885 poll tax abolished the right to appeal to higher courts establishment of peasants land banks reformist factory legilsation