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tsarist + communist russia > chapter twenty two > Flashcards

chapter twenty two Flashcards

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1
Q

marshall aid

A

financial aid, offered by the usa from 1947 to assist european economic recovery

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2
Q

how much of the ussrs industrial capacity was destroyed in ww2

A

70%

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3
Q

ww2s impact on ussr industry

A

lost 70% productive capacity
lost masses of workforce
scorched policy policy

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4
Q

how did the ussr respond to marshall aid

A

1947 stalin banned satellite states from accepting marshall aid, and made cominform and comecon as alternatives

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5
Q

cominform

A

the communist information bureau, established 1947, to diseminate propoganda and establish soviet control over communist parties

was feared by the west but had limited power outside of soviet bloc

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6
Q

comecon

A

the council for mutual economic assitance

established in 1949 to coordinate economic growth within soviet bloc countries, essentially the soviet marshall pplan

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7
Q

how did soviet try and rebuild the ussrs economy

A

gosplan coordinated two more five year plans following the same target setting methods that had been used before the war

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8
Q

when were the 4th and 5th five year plans

A

fourth; 1946-50

fifth; 1951-55

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9
Q

4th five year plan aims

A

to ‘catch up’ with the usa

to rebuild heavy industry and transport

to revive the ukraine

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10
Q

why was the revival of ukraine prioritised

A

a third of all expenditure was allocated here

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11
Q

4th five year plans details and results

A

use of extensive reparations from east germany

maintenance of wartime controls on labour force

the ussr became 2nd to usa in industrial capacity

most targets in heavy industry were met

production doubled and urban workforce increased by 10million (to 77million)

industrial power stronger than pre-war

build canals and hep plants

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12
Q

what were the maintenance of wartime controls on labour force

A

long hours
low wages
high targets
female labour

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13
Q

5th five year plan aims

A

continuation of development of heavy industry and transport post 1953 (under malenkov)

focus on consumer goods, housing, and services

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14
Q

5th five year plan details

A

recourses diverted to rearmament during the korean war

after stalins death, malenkov reduced expenditure of the military and heavy industry

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15
Q

5th five year plan results

A

most growth targets met national income increased 71%

malenkovs charges met opposition resulting in his loss of leadership in 1955

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16
Q

when was the korean war

A

1950-53

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17
Q

krushchevs position on light vs heavy industry

A

initially opposed malenkovs proposal to move towards light industry

but once in power, krushchev did introduce industrial changes towards light industry

changing of rigid stalinist planning + industrial system

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18
Q

why did krushchev want to change the stalinist economic system (to an extent)

A

by 1953 the stalinist economy was slowing down in growth

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19
Q

issues within the stalinist economic system by 1953

A

there were too many different ministers in moscow setting too many different industrial targets

too many administrators for the system to work efficiiently/properly

furfilling targets would just mean industrial targets increased the next year, firms would hide success/purposely not meet targets

recourses were not being efficiently used

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20
Q

6th five year plans

A

launched in 1956

but targets were over optimistic

abandoned after 2 years

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21
Q

economic developments 1957 under krushchev

A

occurred under 6th 5yp

60 moscow ministries were abolished
ussr divided into 105 economic regions

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22
Q

how many economic regions was the ussr divided into

A

105

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23
Q

political motivations behind the economic developments 1957 under krushchev

Study These Flashcards
A

removed a lot of malenkovs support/men (from the central ministries)

and moved managemnet of industry down to a local level

24
Q

did decentralisation work under krushchev

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A

there was still too much central planning in moscow for the decentralisation efforts work

key sectors still centrally controlled

25
seven year plan 1959 targets
emphasis on improving standards of living for ordinary peoople promised 40 hour work week and 40% wage rise by 1965 big emphasis son 'catching up and overtaking the usa' slight shift from heavy to light industry and 'modern industries'
26
examples of change in the 7 year plan
vast expansion in chemical industry (plastics, fertilisers, artificial fibres) increased production of consumer goods greater exploitation of ussrs recourses (natural gas, oil, coal, power stations)
27
examples of modern / technological shifts in the seven year plan
many railway lines were electrified many railways were converted to run on diesel networks were expanded air transport was expanded air travel was able to undercut railways in price ussrs first artificial satellites world first civil nuclear-powered ship (lenin) was launched 1959 ussr brought 2 dogs back to earth from space alive by 1960s 1961 first human in space and 1963 first female astronaut
28
ussrs first artificial satellites
1957 sputnick
29
increase output of televisions from 1955 to 1965
495thousand to 3.655million
30
increase output of coal from 1955 to 1965
291million tons to 578million tons
31
how was the economy distorted under krushchev
heavy spending on armaments and the space race (ignored severe limitations to quality of life for average people)
32
issues with industry due to command economy
big difference in industries supported by the state and those who were not
33
agriculture post war
desperate due to scorched earth policy and economic focus on armament rather than investment on agriculture 4th + 5th five year plans focussed on agricultural revival
34
4th five year plan on agriculture
1946-50 state seized 70% of 1946 harvest (leaving peasants with very little) food rationing ended 1947 incentives to produce remained low almost half of output still came out from private plots lagged behind industry
35
5th five year plan on agriculture
1950-1955 still behind industry + not revived to the levels of 1940 development of 'virgin lands' from krushchev at end of plan
36
why did khrushchev think he had authority in agricultural policies (his main goal was to fix the soviet agricultural issue)
he had a peasant background
37
khrushchev agricultural reforms
wanted to use western siberia + kazakhstan (unused land for agricultural) increased investment for agricultural 1962 campagn for increased use of chemical fertiliser increase in use of farm machinery encouragement to merge collectives to create larger farms (number of state farms increased)
38
virgin lands scheme
wanted to use western siberia + kazakhstan (unused land for agricultural) spent ages trying to manipulate the land for mass farming spent funds and time and the harvests relied on the yield from the scheme but yield was poor, and agriculture was misallocated so poor harvests as a result of the scheme
39
khrushchevs other schemes
new crops (especially maize) he thought this would fix food shortages promoted corn flake production huge collective farms - state farms
40
results of khrushchevs schemes
average production increased a lot but failed to encourage the peasants to put more effort in / increase productivity (especially in collective and state farms) -- private plots still contributed over 30% of produce sold in the ussr virgin land scheme very unsuccessfully in the long run -- led to poor harvests and infertile soil krushchevs other schemes worked but very limitedly and did not lead to the agricultural revolution he hoped for
41
milk production 1952 versus 1961
36million tons vs 63million tons
42
example of how bad virgin lands scheme failed by 1963
1963 harvest so bad had to import grain from usa (and other places)
43
social changes under stalin
peasants squeezed into quota system and lived on income less than 20% of an industrial workers in towns, diets were poor and housing, services, consumer goods all scarce working week remained at wartime levels (12 hours a day) wage differentialls meant party members got higher pay workers could be relocated at any time to wherever they were needed women were expected to amke up for the war casulties (in the building trade represented 1/3 of workers)
44
how much had real household consumption incresed from 1928 to 1950
1/10th
45
why were savings wiped out after 1947
1947 devaluation of the rouble
46
improved living standards under khrushchev
consumer goods (Radios, televisions, sewing machines refrigerator) small quantity foreign goods imported into shops amitious housing initiatives (to reduce overcrowding) hours of work reduced (40 hour work week) wage equalisation act - tried to raise lowest wages for equality investment in education, welfare services, medicine and technology allowed improvement however society still was very uneven
47
taxes removed under khrushchev
bachelor tax childless marriage tax
48
example of khruschevs society still being unequal
cars in 1960s reserved only for party officialls
49
cultural thaw
accompanied destalinsation restrictions on foreign literature, radio, music were lifted limited citizens could travel abroad khrushchev also allowed travelling / tourism into the soviet union for limited westerners
50
example of ussr contact with the west under khrushchev
world festival of youth moscow 1957 (attendees from 131 different countries) and increased international radio and television broadcasts
51
effects of the cultural thaw on the soviet youth
soviet teddy boys 'the stiliagi' more incidents in petty vandalism and hoolinganism university students boycotting lectures 1961 survey found majority of young people cynical about ideas of the october revolution
52
why was soviets youths attitude so concerning under khrushchev
55% of the population was under 30 years old
53
did khrushchev allow for more freedom of expression of artists
yes if they were criticizing stalinism (e.g. book on the experience of gulags, or other stalin specific issues) but no if they were anti soviet or khrushchev would be not allowed to publish within the ussr
54
khrushchev on the church
revived soviet campaign against the churches (othrodox and islamic) atheism brought into school curriculum children banned from church services all higher education had to have courses on atheism mass closing of monstries, convents and orthodox churches pilgramages banned regulations on church services clergymen who criticised atheism could be forced into retirment, arrested or sent to labour camps
55
numbers on the closure of orthodox churches under khrushchev
22,000 in 1959 8,000 in 1965
56
ethnic minorities under khrushchev
were not liberated with the cultural thaw despite khrushchev being ukrainian, no moves were made for anyones national independence (despite the minorities wishes) goal for 1 language and ethnicity within the soviet union in the party doctrine 1961 khrushchev was against putting hews in their own schools refused to let jews emigrate to israel (but claimed to not be antisemitic

tsarist + communist russia (24 decks)

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