chapter one

Question 1

autocratic empire

Answer 1

ruled by one person with no limits on their power

Question 2

localism

Answer 2

loyalty to the local community or local area

Question 3

orthodox church

Answer 3

following the split in the christian church in the eleventh century the eastern orthodox church developed

Question 4

when did moscow become spiritual capital of orthodox church

Answer 4

1453

Question 5

over-procurator

Answer 5

appointed by the tsar from laity (non-clergy, ordinary people) and was the highest church official

Question 6

holy synod

Answer 6

a group of bishops which forms the ruling body of the orthodox church; highest authority of rules. regulations, faith and any church matters

Question 7

edict

Answer 7

an official order issued by a person of authority

Question 8

tsars relation to orthodoxy

Answer 8

head of orthodox church
believed to have the divine right to rule

Question 9

civil servants

Answer 9

someone working for the government

Question 10

conscription

Answer 10

compulsory enlistment of a person into military service (usually done to serfs with (pre 1861) 25 years of service- 10 active- required)

Question 11

serf

Answer 11

a person who was property of the lord who they worked for

Question 12

police state

Answer 12

a state in which the activities of the people are closely monitored and controlled for political reasons

Question 13

imperial council or chancellery (pre 1861)

Answer 13

group of 35-60 nobles specifically picked by the tsar to advise him and provide any ‘expert’ opinion

Question 14

council of ministers (pre 1861)

Answer 14

group of 8-14 ministers in charge of different government departments

Question 15

cossacks

Answer 15

came from ukraine and southern russia, known for skills in horsemanship and strong military tradition- by the 1800s, they had formed a prestigious military class serving the tsar. they were provided with arms and supplies by tsarist government.

Question 16

the french revolution

Answer 16

the french people had risen up against their absolutist king in 1789 and a republic had been set up in 1792.

Question 17

russias economy

Answer 17

backwards- had no industrial revolution

Question 18

cottage industry

Answer 18

work done in the workers own home/small workshop, typically spinning or small scale wood/metal work - way to earn actual money

Question 19

internal market demand

Answer 19

the desire and ability to buy the products made by a country, if its population is poor (like russia was) there will be low internal market demand due to low ability, so there would be no need for a market

Question 20

landowning elite

Answer 20

those who owned land and who were a privileged minority in russian society

Question 21

capital accumulation

Answer 21

building up money reserves in order to invest - russias economic system left essentially no opportunity for this.

Question 22

urban artisan

Answer 22

manual worker in a town who possessed some skills- a class above serfdom including cobblers or leather makers

Question 23

intelligensia

Answer 23

educated class of russian society, including writers and philosophers. many opposed the state for various cultural, moral, religious, philosophical and political reasons

Question 24

taxes and dues

Answer 24

how the government was financed, taxes hit hard on the peasantry who provided around 90% of imperial finance

Question 25

was russia a great power in europe

Answer 25

yes due to size and large army, however it was politically, economically and socially it was underdeveloped and backward.

Question 26

crimean war

Answer 26

war between ottoman empire, french and britain vs russia about crimean territory, russia lost despite larger army

Question 27

why was the loss of the crimean war a trigger for reform

Answer 27

very embarrassing and revealed a lot of issues within military organisation (1853-56)