chapter six

Question 1

middle class in russia under alexander ii

Answer 1

absent

Question 2

how was industrialisation stimulated under alexander ii and why

Answer 2

driven by the state; to try and match the economic growth of western europe

Question 3

reforms made to boost industrialisation and output under minister of finance from 1862-1878

Answer 3

treasury reformed and new arrangements for collecting tax
tax-farming was abolished and indirect taxes increased usage
establishment of a state bank 1860
government subsidies provided to build railways
foreign investment into russia was encouraged
attempted to steal americas cotton industry market during the civil war (1861-65)

Question 4

who was minister of finance from 1862-1878

Answer 4

mikhail von reutern

Question 5

dominant industry in russia under alexander ii

Answer 5

textiles (despite attempts at more industrial industries)

Question 6

what was caspian sea used for 1871

Answer 6

oil extraction

Question 7

where did a third of all government expenditure go towards

Answer 7

debt

Question 8

issues with the rouble

Answer 8

very unpredictable; made russian trade or investment harder

Question 9

how much tax revenue came from indirect taxation

Answer 9

66%

Question 10

main new industries in 1890

Answer 10

coal
crude oil
pig iron

Question 11

how much did grain exports increase 1881-89

Answer 11

18%

Question 12

1892 budget was in…

Answer 12

surplus

Question 13

when was the shift that improved the economy

Answer 13

tarriffs rising in 1880s under new minister of finance (1887-92)

Question 14

issues with the economic improvement

Answer 14

did not include the peasants ; who paid taxes and whose grain was requisitioned by the state
finance minister prioritised exporting food over feeding the people of russia

Question 15

when was the great famine

Answer 15

1891-92

Question 16

foreign investments in 1880 versus 1895 (in millions of rouble)

Answer 16

98 million versus 280 million

Question 17

where were most of the investments

Answer 17

mining
metal trades
oil
banking

Question 18

what ranking was russia in largest industrial economies of 1897

Answer 18

fourth

Question 19

land for peasants following the emmancipation

Answer 19

decreased as the landlords got to keep lots of their land as compensation

Question 20

why were peasants disconent 1880s-1890s

Answer 20

less land
low taxes
grain taken by state
redemption payments

Question 21

when did the emergence of the middle and urban working class start

Answer 21

around 1895

Question 22

landed elite

Answer 22

many abandoned farming or the countryside following the emancipation
one in five university professors was from the landed elite class
more than 700 nobles owned a business in moscow
lots were in the earlier zemstvas and other provisional governorships
whilst no longer owning the peasantry; still kept majority of wealth and status

Question 23

middle class

Answer 23

began due to urban and industrial expansion and increase in educational opportunities
usually made up of bankers, doctors, teachers
numbers had not reach half a million (500,000) by 1897 census
government contracts and state loans for more railways and factories led to an increase in opportunity for entrepreneurship

Question 24

who owned the factories before 1890s versus after

Answer 24

before 1890; most private factories were in the hands of the traditional nobility
during 1890s; non-nobles were increasingly becoming factory owners and there was an increase in harsh discipline and disregard for workers wellbeing

Question 25

urban working class

Answer 25

came with the expansion in russian industry no more than two percent of the population by the 1890s lots of peasants would come work in the cities and towns when it wasnt harvest season; but few actually migrated lived in grim and inhumane conditions

Question 26

how many citizens of st petersburg were peasants from birth by 1864

Answer 26

one in three (with the proportion rising)

Question 27

reforms for urban workers 1882-1890

Answer 27

regulation of child labour reduction in working hours reduction in excessive fines and payment in kind appointment of an inspector to assess working and living conditions

Question 28

payment in kind

Answer 28

payment in goods or services such as accommodation rather than money wages

Question 29

effect of the regulations

Answer 29

did very little in improving the lives of the urban working class

Question 30

how many strikes (which were illegal) happened between 1886-1894 per year

Answer 30

33

Question 31

the peasantry

Answer 31

peasantry were divided between kulaks and the poorest peasants living standards varied between the land conditons in areas of previously state serfs > conditions of the area in a previously private serfs; due to state serfs being provided more land large amount of peasants were deamed unfit for military service and mortality rates were high economic growth failed to provide for the peasants

Question 32

proportion of former serfs unable to feed their household without debt in a russian region 1880s

Answer 32

two out of every three

Question 33

average life expectancy in peasants russia (compared to englands)

Answer 33

male; 27 female; 29 (englands was 45)

Question 34

percentage of population subscribed to the orthodox church

Answer 34

70%

Question 35

churchs stance of the tsar

Answer 35

had divine right to rule and was emobdiment of god on earth

Question 36

who judged social crimes and their punishment and controlled censorship

Answer 36

the church

Question 37

how did alexander iii promote orthodoxy

Answer 37

russifaction; became illegal to convert from orthodoxy to a different faith or to publish criticisms of it and forced conversions to autocracy were done

Question 38

how many forced conversions were done on different religions under alexander iii

Answer 38

muslims; 8,500 pagans; 50,000 catholics and lutherans; 40,000