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chapter10 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor (neoplasm)

A

A mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body.

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2
Q

Meningiomas

A

Tumors that grow between the meninges.

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3
Q

Encapsulated tumors

A

Tumors that grow within their own membrane.

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4
Q

Benign tumors

A

Tumors that are surgically removed with little risk to further growth in the body.

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5
Q

Infiltrating tumors

A

Tumors that grow diffusely through surrounding tissue.

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6
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Tumors that may continue to grow in the body even after attempted surgical removal.

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7
Q

Gliomas

A

Brain tumors that develop from glial cells.

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8
Q

Metastatic tumors

A

Tumors that originate in one organ and spread to another.

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9
Q

Strokes

A

Sudden-onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause brain damage.

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10
Q

Penumbra

A

The area of dysfunctional brain tissue around an infarct in which the degree of damage can vary.

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11
Q

Cerebral hemorrhage

A

Bleeding in the brain.

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12
Q

Aneurysm

A

Pathological balloon like dilation that forms in the wall of the artery at a point in the elasticity of wall is defective

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13
Q

Congenital

A

Aneurysm is present at birth or a result from an exposure to vascular poisons or infections.

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14
Q

Cerebral ischema

A

Disruption of the blood supply to an area of the brain. 3 causes: thrombosis, embolism, and arteriosclerosis.

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15
Q

Thrombosis

A

A plug called a thrombus is formed in blood flow at the site of its formation.

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16
Q

Embolism

A

Similar to thrombosis. The thrombus being carried somewhere else in the vessel (flows from a large vein to a small vein) .

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17
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

The walls of blood vessels thicken and the channel narrows usually as the result of fat deposits. The narrowing of the vessel can lead to complete blockage.

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18
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter, plays a major roll in stroke induced brain damage.

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19
Q

NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors

A

Receptor involved in the acceptance of glutamate that causes the excitatory influx of calcium and sodium. Excitotoxicity

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20
Q

Contusions

A

Closed head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system. Damage produces internal hemorrhaging.

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21
Q

Hematoma

A

A localized collection of clotted blood in an organ or tissue.

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22
Q

Contrecoup injuries

A

Blow causes the brain to strike the inside of the skull on the other side of the head. Contusions occur mostly on the side of the brain opposite the side struck by a blow.

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23
Q

Concussion

A

Caused by a blow to the head that causes confusion and temporary amnesia. The brain does not hit the skull.

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24
Q

Punch-drunk syndrome

A

Dementia in cerebral scarring observed in boxers and other individuals who experience repeated concussions.

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25
Dementia
General intellectual deterioration.
26
Encephalitis
An invasion in the brain by micro organisms (brain infection) which causes inflamation of the brain. (2 kinds: bacterial infections and viral infections).
27
Bacterial infection
Bacteria infects the brain and leads to the formation of cerebral abscesses which are pockets of puss in the brain.
28
Meningitis
A main cause of bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the meninges.
29
Syphilis
A bacterial brain infection that are passed from infected to non infected individuals through contact with general sores. Usually goes dormant for several years before attack parts of the body and brain.
30
General paresis
The syndrome of insanity and dementia that results from a syphilitic infection.
31
Viral infections
2 types: those that have a particular affinity for neural tissue and those that attack neural tissue but have no greater affinity for it than other tissues.
32
Rabies
Usually transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. It has a particular affinity for the nervous system.
33
Mumps and herpes
common viruses that can attack the nervous system but have no specific affinity for it.
34
Etiology
Causes of disorder
35
Toxic psychosis
chronic insanity produced by neurotoxin
36
Tardive dyskinesia
Motor disorder primary symptoms are involuntary smacking, and sucking movements of the lips and puffing of the cheeks.
37
Endogenous
Produced by the patients own body
38
Apoptosis
Plays a critical role in early development by eliminating extra neurons. Also plays a role in brain damage by activating apoptotic programs of self-destruction.
39
Necrosis
Passive cell death resulting from injury.
40
Epilepsy
epileptic seizures
41
Convulsions
motor seizures often involve tremors, rigidity, and loss of both balance and consciousness.
42
Epileptic auras
Take place due to bad smell, specific thought, a vague feeling of familiarity, a hallucination, or a tightness of the chest.
43
Partial seizures
seizure that does not involve the entire brain
44
Simple partial seizures
Partial seizures who symptoms are primary sensory or motor or both.
45
Complex partial seizures
Often restricted to the temporal lobes and those who experience them are often said to have temporal lobe epilepsy. During this event the patient engages in compulsive repetitive simple behaviors known as automatisms
46
Generalized seizures
Involves the entire brain. A discharge begins simultaneously in all parts of the brain.
47
Tonic-clonic seizures (GS)
primary symptom is loss of consciousness, loss of equilibrium, and a violent tonic-clonic convulsion
48
Hypoxia
Shortage of oxygen supply to tissue. accompanies a tonic-clonic seizure and can cause brain damage.
49
Absent seizures
Not associated with convulsions and behavior symptom is a disruption of consciousness associated with a sensation of on going behavior, a vacant look, and sometimes fluttering eyelids.
50
Parkinson's disease
a movement disorder or middle and old age
51
substantia nigra
the main area associated with parkinson's disease because of degeneration-the midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia
52
Lewy bodies
clumps of proteins in the surviving dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra
53
L-dopa
chemical form which the body synthesizes dopamine
54
Deep brain stimulation
treatment in which low intensity electrical stimulation is continually applied to an area of the brain through a sterotaxically implanted electrode
55
subthalamic nucleus
a nucleus beneath the thalamus connected to the basal ganglia in which Parkinson's patients receiving treatment through deep brain stimulation are subject to a chronic bilateral electrical stimulation.
56
Huntington's disease
progressive motor disorder, associated with severe dementia
57
Huntington
a single mutated dominant gene
58
Huntington protein
the protein that is coded
59
Multiple sclerosis
progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS
60
autoimmune disorder
a disorder in which the body immune system attacks part of the body as if it was a foreign substance
61
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
an animal model of multiple sclerosis
62
ataxia
the loss of motor coordination
63
epidemiology
is the study of various factors such as diet, geographic location, age, sex, and race that influence the distribution of a disease in a general population.
64
immunomodulatory drugs
treatment for multiple sclerosis
65
Alzhemier's disease
the most common form of dementia that is terminal and early stages:selective decline in memory, deficits in attention, and personality changes. intermediate stages: confusion, irritability, anxiety, and deterioration of speech. advance stages: deterioration to the point that event requiring the simplest responses are difficult
66
neurofibrillary tangles
threadlike tangles of protein in the neural cytoplasm
67
amyloid
clumps of scar tissue. Compose of degenerating neurons and of proteins
68
microbleeds
the result of microhemorrhages
69
amyloid hypothesis
it proposes that amyloid plaques are the primary symptoms of the disorder and causes all other symptoms (Alzheimers)
70
kindling phenomena
progressive development and intessifacation of convulsions elicited by a series of periodic brain stimulation (epilepsy model)
71
epileptogenesis
the development or genesis of epilepsy
72
transgenic
Animals in which gene of another species has been introduced
73
neurodegenaration
neuron deterioration and death
74
anterograde degeneration
Degeneration of the distal segment
75
distal segment
the segment of a cut axon between the cut and the synaptic terminal
76
retrograde degeneration
a degenaration of the proximal segment
77
proximal segment
the segment of a cut axon between the cut and the cell body
78
transneuronal degeneration
degeneration's spread from damage neurons to neurons that are link to them by synapses
79
anterograde transneuronal degeneration
spreads from damage neuron to the neuron to which they synapse
80
retrograde transneuronal degeneration
spreads from damage neurons to the neurons that synapse on them
81
neural regenaration
the regrowth of damage neurons
82
schwann cells
myelinate the PNS axons
83
oligodendroglia
myelinates the CNS axons
84
collateral sprouting
axons branches grow out from adjacent healthy axons and synapse at the site vacated by the degenerated axon
85
cerebral edema
brain swelling
86
cognitive reserve
roughly equivalent to education and intelligence, thought to play a role in the improvements observed after brain damage that do not result in the recovery of brain function.
87
adrenal medulla autotransplantation
transplanting a patients own adrenal medulla cell into her or his striatum usually for the treatment of Parkinson
88
constraint-induced therapy
tie-down the functioning arm for two weeks while the affected arm received intensive training
89
enriched environments
design to promote the cognitive and physical activity
90
phantom limb
when amputee continue to experience the limb that has been amputated

BioPsych (12 decks)

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