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Chapter13 Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on the surface of the body.

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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the circulatory system.

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3
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system.

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4
Q

Gonads

A

The testes and the ovaries.

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5
Q

Testes

A

The male gonads.

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

The female gonads.

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7
Q

Copulation

A

Sexual intercourse.

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8
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum.

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9
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex: XX for a female and XY for a male.

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10
Q

Amino acid derivative hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from amino acids.

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11
Q

3 classes of vertebrate hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives, peptides and proteins, and steroids.

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12
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Hormones that are short chains of amino acids.

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13
Q

Protein hormones

A

Hormones that are long chains of amino acids.

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14
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol.

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15
Q

Androgens

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone.

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16
Q

Estrogens

A

The class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by ovaries.

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17
Q

Testosterone

A

The most common androgen.

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18
Q

Estradiol

A

The most common estrogen.

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19
Q

Progestins

A

The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone.

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20
Q

Progesterone

A

A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.

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21
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts.

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22
Q

Gonadotropin

A

The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the gonads.

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23
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

The part of the pituitary gland that contains the terminals of hypothalamic neurons.

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24
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

The structure connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

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25
Anterior pituitary
The part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones. hypothalamic inhibiting and hypothalamic releasing hormones
26
Menstrual cycle
The hormone-regulated cycle in women of follicle growth, egg releases, build-up of the uterus lining, and menstruation.
27
Vasopressin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary; it facilitates reabsorption of water by kidneys and is thus called antidiuretic hormone.
28
Oxytocin
One of the two major peptide hormones of the posterior pituitary, which in females stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling.
29
Paraventricular nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei that play a role in eating and synthesize hormones released by the posterior pituitary.
30
Supraoptic nuclei
Hypothalamic nuclei in which hormones of the posterior pituitary are synthesized.
31
Hypothalamopituitary portal system
The vascular network that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
32
Releasing hormones
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from he anterior pituitary.
33
Release-inhibiting hormones
Hypothalamic hormones that inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
34
Thyrotropin-releasing hormones
The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary.
35
Thyrotropin
The anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the thyroid gland.
36
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
The hypothalamic releasing hormone that controls the release of the two gonadotropic hormones form the anterior pituitary.
37
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
The gonadotropic hormone that stimulates development of ovarian follicles.
38
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
The gonadotropic hormone that causes the developing ovum to be released from its follicle.
39
Pulsatile hormone release
The typical pattern of hormone release, which occurs in large surges several times a day.
40
Sry gene
A gene on the Y chromosome that triggers the release of Sry protein, which in turn stimulates the development of the testes.
41
Sry protein
A protein that causes the medulla of each primordial gonad into a testis.
42
Wolffian system
The embryonic precursor of the male reproductive ducts.
43
Mullerian system
The embryonic precursor of the female reproductive ducts.
44
Mullerian-inhibiting substance
The testicular hormone that causes the precursor of the female reproductive ducts to degenerate and the testes to descend.
45
Scrotum
The sac that holds the male testes outside of the body cavity.
46
Ovariectomy
The removal of the ovaries.
47
Orchidectomy
The removal of the testes.
48
Gonadectomy
The surgical removal of the gonads (testes or ovaries); castration.
49
Secondary sex characteristics
Body features, other that the reproductive organs, that distinguish men from women.
50
Growth hormone
The anterior pituitary hormone that acts directly on bone and muscle tissue to produce the pubertal growth spurt.
51
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortices.
52
Androstenedioine
The adrenal androgen that triggers the growth of pubic and axillary hair in human females.
53
Aromatase
An enzyme that promotes the conversion of testosterone to estradiol.
54
Aromatization
The chemical process by which testosterone is converted to estradiol.
55
Aromatization hypothesis
The hypothesis that the brain is masculinized by estradiol that is produced from perinatal testosterone through a process called aromatization.
56
Alpha fetoprotein
A protein that is presented in the blood of many mammals during the perinatal period and that deactivates circulating estradiol by binding to it.
57
Masculinizes
Enhances or produces male characteristics.
58
Defeminizes
Suppresses or disrupts female characteristics.
59
Lordosis
The arched-backed, pump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission.
60
Feminizes
Enhances or produces female characteristics.
61
Demasculinizes
Suppresses or disrupts male characteristics.
62
Intromission
Insertion of the penis into the vagina.
63
Ejaculation
Ejection of sperm.
64
Proceptive behaviors
Behaviors that solicits the sexual advances of members of the other sex.
65
Sexual dimorphisms
Instances where a behavior (or a structure) comes in two distinctive classes (male or female) into which most individuals can be unambiguously assigned.
66
Androgenic insensitivity syndrome
The developmental disorder of genetic males in which a mutation to the androgen receptor gene renders the androgen receptors defective and causes the development of a female body.
67
Adrenogenital syndrome
A sexual developmental disorder in which high levels of adrenal androgens, resulting from congenital adrenal hyperplasia, masculinize the bodies of genetic females.
68
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
A congenital deficiency in the release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex, which leads to the excessive release of adrenal androgens.
69
Ablatio penis
Accidental deconstruction of the penis.
70
Replacement injections
Injections of a hormone whose natural release has been curtailed by the removal of the gland that normally releases it.
71
Impotent
Unable to achieve penile erection.
72
Estrus
The portion of the estrous cycle characterized by proceptivity, sexual receptivity, and fertility.
73
Estrous cycle
The cycle of sexual receptivity displayed by many female mammals.
74
Anabolic steroids
Steroid drugs theater similar to testosterone and have a powerful anabolic (growth-promotic) effects.
75
Medical preoptic area
The area of the hypothalamus that includes the sexually dimorphic nuclei and that plays a key role in the control of male sexual behavior.
76
Sexually dimorphic nucleus
The nucleus in the medial pre optic area of rats that is larger in males than in females.
77
Ventromedial nucleus
A hypothalamic nucleus that is thought to be involved in female sexual behavior.
78
Heterosexual
Sexually attracted to members of the other sex.
79
Homosexual
Sexually attracted to the member of the same sex.
80
Bisexual
Sexually attracted to the members of both sexes.
81
Sexual identity
The sex (male or female) that a person feels himself or herself to be.
82
Fraternal birth order effect
The finding that the probability of a man's being homosexual increases as a function of the number of older brothers he has.
83
Maternal immune hypothesis
The hypothesis that mothers become progressively more immune to some masculinizing hormones in their male fetuses; proposed to explain the fraternal birth order effect.
84
Transsexualism
A disorder of sexual identity in which the individual believes that he or she is trapped in a body of the other sex.

BioPsych (12 decks)

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