Child Development - Lecture Four

Question 1

What is social development?

Answer 1

Forming bonds with people
Learning to behave in socially acceptable ways
Learning to be good friends and allies
Learning to deal with conflicts

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

An emotional and social bond between infant and caregiver that spans both time and space

Question 3

Social referencing

Answer 3

When little infants will look at their caregivers to see if a person is ok

Question 4

How is social development achieved?

Answer 4

Social learning theory
Cognitive developmental theory
Parents
Peer relationships

Question 5

Social learning theory

Answer 5

Learning by looking a what people in our environment do

Question 6

Cognitive developmental theory

Answer 6

Cognitive development drives social development so when you understand certain things intellectually it allows you to behave in a certain way socially

Question 7

Parents

Answer 7

Principle of minimal sufficiency

Parental style is a two way street

Question 8

Peer relationships

Answer 8

Around 2-years-old, children begin to form precursors to friendship

Question 9

Principle of minimal sufficiency

Answer 9

Rule internalisation of rules (what not to do/what to do) is quickest if the consequence is enough to change the behaviour but not so harsh that the child feels forced into it

Question 10

Emotional development

Answer 10

Understanding other’s feelings

Emotional regulation

Question 11

Emotional regulation

Answer 11

Children can recognise what tones of voice fit with facial expressions, and are dependent on parents to regulate emotions to begin with to learn to regulate their own
When parents discuss emotions, including their own, it helps children understand and learn emotions

Question 12

Moral development

Answer 12

Behaving in a way that conforms to a generally accepted set of rules

Question 13

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Level One

Answer 13

Pre-conventional level where behaviour is based on external sanctions such as authority and punishment

Question 14

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage One

Answer 14

Morality of punishment and obedience where children obey authority and avoid punishment

Question 15

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage Two

Answer 15

Morality of naive instrumental hedonism (self-indulgence) where behaviour is guided egocentrically by the pleasantness of the consequences to them

Question 16

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Level Two

Answer 16

Conventional level where behaviour includes the understanding that the social system has an interest in people’s behaviours

Question 17

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage Three

Answer 17

Morality of maintaining good relations where children want to be regarded as good and well-behaved

Question 18

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage Four

Answer 18

Morality of maintaining social order where laws and moral rules maintain social order and must be obeyed

Question 19

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Level Three

Answer 19

Post-conventional level where behaviour includes the understanding of moral rules having some underlying principles that apply to all situations and societies

Question 20

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage Five

Answer 20

Morality of social contracts where rules are social contracts and not all authority figures are infallible and individual rights can sometimes take precedence over laws

Question 21

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage Six

Answer 21

Morality of universal ethical principles where rules and laws are justified by abstract ethical values, such as the value of human life and the value of dignity

Question 22

Evaluating Kohlberg’s Theory

Answer 22

Effect of wording changes on response
Stages may not be coherent entities, but do reflect a progression
Cultural and gender biases
Correlation between moral reasoning and moral conduct