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Chp 14 Flashcards

cram this in your BRAIN (36 cards)

1
Q

How do pathogens differ from normal flora?

A

Pathogens are harmful microorganisms which can cause disease, while normal flora are microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations

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2
Q

Where are most of the normal flora in the human body found?

A

In areas that have contact with the outside environment (none in internal organs, tissues and fluids)

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3
Q

How do transient flora differ from resident flora?

A

Transient flora occupy the body for only a short amount of time and is influenced by hygiene

Resident flora are microbes that becomes established in our body (stable, predictable and less influenced by hygiene)

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4
Q

How do normal flora protect humans against infections?

A
  • Prevent overgrowth of other harmful microbes (microbial antagonism)

^^ works by competing for nutrients, providing harmful substances to invading microbes, and affects pH and available oxygen

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5
Q

An infection that occurs when normal flora is introduced to a site that was previously sterile is known as ____________

A

Endogenous infection

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6
Q

Which group of people are at risk for endogenous infections?

A

Newborns

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7
Q

How do true pathogens differ from opportunistic pathogens?

A

True pathogens infect anyone, including healthy individuals whereas opportunistic pathogens only infect those with already compromised immune systems

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8
Q

List different portals of entry.

A
  • Skin: nicks, abrasions, punctures, incisions
  • GI tract: food, drink, and other ingested materials
  • Respiratory tract: oral and nasal cavities (MOST COMMON)
  • Urogenital tract: sexual displaced organisms
  • Endogenous biota
  • Transplacental
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9
Q

Describe three different adhesion methods used by pathogens.

A
  • Fimbriae
  • capsules/slime
  • Viral spikes (like influenza and HIV)
  • Hooks
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10
Q

Enzymes releasing outside of the cell are known as __________

A

Exoenzymes

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11
Q

Differentiate between endotoxins and exotoxins

A

Endotoxins are toxins not secreted but released after the cell is damaged
- Composed of lipopolysaccharide (part of outer membrane of gram negative cell walls

Exotoxins are released outside of the cell and is secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue
- Strongly specific for a target cell
- Hemolysins
- Active and Binding toxins
- only released when bacteria is damaged

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12
Q

Differentiate between localized, focal, and systemic infections

A

Localized: microbes enter body and remains confined to specific tissue

Focal: infectious agent breaks loose from local infection and is carried to other places

Systemic: infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the blood stream

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13
Q

Differentiate between primary and secondary infections.

A

Primary infection: initial infection

Secondary infection: another infection by a different microbe

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14
Q

What are acute and chronic diseases?
Are the common cold and AIDS acute or chronic diseases?

A

Acute: comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Chronic: progress and persist over a long period of time

Cold: acute
AIDS: chronic

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15
Q

Differentiate between signs and symptoms of an illness.

A

Signs are noticeable and observable on the outside whereas symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient

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16
Q

Describe ports of exit.

A

Any pathway a pathogen can use to exit its host or reservoir
- Respiratory tract
- Salivary glands
- Skin cells
- Fecal matter
- Urogenital tract
- Blood

17
Q

What are latent infections?

A

An infection that remains dormant and undetectable until it gets reactivated

18
Q

Differentiate between a reservoir and a source of infection.

A

Reservoir: primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world (human or animal carrier, water, soil, plants)

Source: individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

19
Q

What is the difference between asymptomatic carriers and passive carriers?

A

Asymptomatic carriers show no symptoms now but later on begin to develop

Passive carrier is someone like a healthcare provider contaminated with the pathogen and transfers them to other patients

20
Q

A live animal other than human that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another is called a ________

21
Q

What are direct and indirect contact methods of transmission?

A

Direct:
- kissing, sexual contact
- respiratory droplets
- vertical (mother to child)
- Biological vector

Indirect:
- fomites are contaminated
- Food, water, biological products
- airborne microbes
- aerosols: airborne animal wastes (Hantavirus from rats)

22
Q

What is a fomite?

A

Any inanimate object we can come into contact with

23
Q

What are communicable and non-communicable diseases? Give an example of each.

A

Communicable: When an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
eg. influenza, aids

Non-communicable: Occurs primarily when a compromised person is invaded by their own normal microflora
eg. E.coli, cancer

24
Q

Where are nosocomial infections acquired?

A

In healthcare settings from surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and exposure to drug-resistant microorganisms

25
What are reportable diseases?
Any disease that must be reported to the authorities
26
Distinguish between the prevalence and incidence of a disease?
Prevalence: total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population Incidence: Measures the number of new cases over a certain time period, as compared with the general healthy population
27
Diseases that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale are known as ________
Endemic
28
What is an epidemic and pandemic?
Epidemic: when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected Pandemic: epidemic across continents
29
Differentiate between morbidity and mortality.
Morbidity: number of people afflicted with a certain disease Mortality: the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
30
Describe how newborn infants acquire normal flora.
Breaking of their fetal membrane immediately exposes the infant; all subsequent handling and feeding continue to introduce the normal flora
31
What are virulence factors?
Any factor that causes a disease
32
Define infectious dose
The number of microbes needed to cause infection to a host (the lower the ID, the more dangerous it is)
33
What is vertical transmission?
When a mother passes along a disease to her child in the womb
34
Discuss different transmission methods.
Direct contact: physical contact or fine aerosol droplets Indirect contact: passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host
35
Discuss Koch’s postulate (REMEMBER THE INFECTED RAT EXPERIMENT)
1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the diseases 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it's inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal 4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism
36
What makes up 70% of all new emerging diseases worldwide?
Zoonosis (infection from animals naturally transmissible to humans)