Study guide ch. 1

Question 1

What are microorganisms?
What are the 6 types we are studying?

Answer 1

• Organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Microscopic algae
• Viruses
• Helminths

Question 2

Which microorganisms are prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

What’s the difference between the two?

Answer 2

P: Bacteria and Fungi
E: Protozoa, Algae, Viruses, Helminths

Question 3

What is:
- Microbiology
- Bacteriology
- Mycology
- Parasitology
- Immunology
- Virology
- Microbial ecology

Answer 3

• The study of small organisms
• The study of bacteria
• The study of Fungi
• The study of protozoa and parasitic worms
• The study of immunity
• The study of viruses
• The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

Question 4

Which scientist marked the beginning of cell theory?

Answer 4

Robert Hooke

Question 5

Which scientist observed microbes through magnifying lenses and called them “animalcules”?

Answer 5

Anton Van Leeuwen Hoek

Question 6

Which scientist boiled broth into open and closed flasks to prove spontaneous generation (but forgot to clean the flasks)?

Answer 6

John Needham

Question 7

Which scientist boiled broth into CLEAN open and closed flasks?

Answer 7

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Question 8

Explain Francesco Redi’s experiment

Answer 8

In order to prove biogenesis, he filled two jars with decaying meat and left one jar open and the other one covered with fine net. Maggots appeared on the open jar while none appeared on the covered, therefore proving biogenesis.

Question 9

Which scientist discovered the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs?

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur

Question 10

Which scientist is credited for vaccination using a unethical method?

Answer 10

Edward Jenner

Question 11

Which scientist founded aseptic surgery after finding out that the death rate for pregnant women was higher in hospitals than at home?

Answer 11

Joseph Lister

Question 12

Which scientist said that cells arise from preexisting cells?

Answer 12

Rudolf Virchow

Question 13

TRUE OR FALSE: Robert Koch (koch’s postulate) disproved the theory that specific bacteria makes a specific disease

Answer 13

FALSE: he proved it

Question 14

Which scientist discovered penicillin?

Answer 14

Alexander Fleming

Question 15

Agostini showed that silkworm disease was caused by what?

Answer 15

Fungus

Question 16

Which scientist made the system of scientific nomenclature?

Answer 16

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 17

What is spontaneous generation?
What is biogenesis?

Answer 17

• Hypothesis that life arises from non-living matter
• Hypothesis that life can only arise from preexisting cells

Question 18

What is vaccination?

Answer 18

Derived from the word vacca “cow”. The process of injecting a dormant or weaker version of a disease into the body so the immune system can recognize it and fight it off, so when it encounters the active version, it knows how to get rid of it.

Question 19

What is fermentation?

Answer 19

Microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in absence of air

Think wine from grapes!

Question 20

What is pasteurization?

Answer 20

The application of high heat for a short time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages

Question 21

• How do you name organisms?
• What is the proper way of writing an organism’s name?

Answer 21

• Using the genus specific epithet (species)
• Italicized or underlined, capitalized genus, lowercase specific epithet

Question 22

Which is NOT a domain in classification?

-Bacteria
- Fungi
- Archaea
- Eukarya

Answer 22

FUNGI (a kingdom not domain)

Question 23

What are the five kingdoms in classification?

Answer 23

• (Monera) Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia

Question 24

Which microorganism is/has:
- Prokaryotic
- a small unicellular organism
- peptidoglycan cell walls
- divide via binary fission

Answer 24

Bacteria

Question 25

Which microorganism is/has: - unicellular - from kingdom protista

Answer 25

Protozoans

Question 26

Which microorganism is/has: - Eukaryotic - From kingdom fungi - Unicellular and multicellular

Answer 26

Fungi

Question 27

Which microorganism is/has: - photosynthetic eukaryotes - from kingdom protista

Answer 27

Algae

Question 28

Which microorganism is: - acellular - NOT a living organism

Answer 28

Viruses

Question 29

Which microorganism is an extremophile?

Answer 29

Archaea

Question 30

Explain Robert Koch's experiment

Answer 30

- He took a blood sample of a dead mouse with anthrax and grew it on an agar plate - He then took the microorganism from the plate and injected it in a healthy mouse - The healthy mouse eventually got sick and died - Koch took a blood sample from that mouse and grew it on another agar plate - The results were identical to the originally diseased mouse

Question 31

What is Germ Theory?

Answer 31

The main cause of infectious diseases come from microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi

Question 32

TRUE OR FALSE: Immunity is the body's ability to fight off disease and infection

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

What is the magic bullet?

Answer 33

Medication that only targets cells that causes the disease/ infection

Question 34

Define: - Gene therapy - Biotechnology - DNA recombinant technology

Answer 34

- Medical practice that modifies a person's genes to treat or prevent disease - use of microbes for practical application - enable bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines and enzymes

Question 35

- How does bacteria benefit humans? - How does it harm humans and the environment?

Answer 35

- Aids in digestion, contributes to production of antibiotics and vaccines, and acts as decomposers - Can cause disease and viruses, can also cause corrosion

Question 36

What is bioremediation?

Answer 36

Using microbes to clean up pollutants

Question 37

What is normal microbiota? What are their functions?

Answer 37

- Microbes normally present in and on the human body - Prevent growth of pathogens and produce growth factors like vitamins B and K

Question 38

What is resistance?

Answer 38

- Ability of the body to ward off disease

Question 39

What are biofilms and how do they form?

Answer 39

Bacteria that attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. Found on teeth, plastic containers

Question 40

What are emerging infectious diseases? What are some examples?

Answer 40

- New diseases and diseases increasing in incidence - West Nile Virus, AIDS, Avian infleunza H5N1, Novel coronavirus. Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus