Chp 16 and 17 A Flashcards
Imma crash tf out bruh (34 cards)
List the three lines of defenses a host organism uses to prevent invasion by pathogens.
1st line: physical or anatomical barriers:
- skin (acidity of skin
- Eyebrows and lashes
- nasal hair and ear hair
- ear wax
- stomach acid
- cilia in respiratory tract
- enzymes like lysozymes in tears of eyes
2nd line (innate):
- bloodstream
- lymphatic system
- Reticuloendothelial (RES) system
- Extracellular fluid
3rd line: acquired immunity
Which defenses are considered innate?
first and second lines of defense
What is an innate defense?
Defenses that are present at birth and provide nonspecific resistance to infection
What is an acquired defense?
Specific defenses that we acquire throughout our lives
List physical barriers to infection in a mammalian body.
This is just first line of defense (eg. skin, mucous membrane, lysozyme and hcl in stomach acid)
List four chemical defenses.
- Lysozyme (in tears)
- Skin’s acidic pH
- Hydrochloric acid in stomach
- Digestive juices and bile of intestines (low pH 1.2-3.0)
What are the three major tasks the immune system accomplishes for a healthy body?
- Protecting against harmful invaders
- Identifying and neutralizing harmful substances
- Recognizing and eliminating diseased or damaged cells
What are monocytes and macrophages?
3-7% of WBCs, largest, kidney-shaped nucleus; phagocytic
What are possible causes of a fever?
- Initiated by circulating pyrogens which reset the hypothalamus to increase body temperature
Which white blood cells (leukocytes) are phagocytes?
Neutrophils and macrophages (think m&ms are phags bc they’re colours of the rainbow)
What are dendritic cells? What are their functions?
Agranulocytes that trap pathogens and participate in immune reactions
How do phagocytes kill bacteria?
They undergo phagocytosis where they engulf and digest the bacteria
What are three basic functions of an inflammatory response?
think clean up crew
- Eliminate initial cause of cell injury
- Clear out necrotic cells and damaged tissues
- Initiate tissue repair and restoration
What is dolor, rubor, and calor?
Dolor- pain
Rubor- redness
Calor- warmth/heat
The migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues is known as _________
Diapedesis
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells: they recognize and differentiate any foreign material in the body
What are lymphocytes?
(not to be confused with leukocytes)
20-35% of WBCs made up of B cells and T cells
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
List different WBCs and their functions?
- Neutrophils: fight bacterial infection (neutrogena bacteria)
- Basophil: deal with allergic reaction and recruit other WBC to come to site of infection (basic allergies)
- Eosinophils: fight parasitic infections (ew parasites)
- Monocytes: phagocytic
Composition of blood.
- Plasma (~55%): 92% water, metabolic proteins, clotting factors, hormones, etc
- Erythrocytes (~40%)
- Lymphocytes (~5%)
What are hematopoietic stem cells?
Immature cells found in bone marrow and peripheral blood that can develop into different types of blood cells
What is hemopoeisis?
a. Where does it take place in infants?
b. Where does it take place in adults?
It is the process of forming red and white blood cells and platelets
a. occurs in the yolk sac
b. occurs in the bone marrow
What are humoral and cell-mediated immunities?
B (humoral): activated B cells produce antibodies
T (cell-mediated): activated T cells modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
________ are developed from bone marrow stem cells, lose nucleus and are simple biconcave sacs of hemoglobin while ________ are formed elements in circulating blood that are not whole cells
Erythrocytes, platelets
