Chp 16 and 17 B (*in notes) Flashcards
Currently listening to megalovania breh (34 cards)
Y-shaped proteins produced by the body’s immune system to defend against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria are known as __________
Antibodies
What are constant and variable regions of an antibody?
Constant: I of Y
Variable: V of Y
What is an epitope?
Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes
What is GALT?
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
What are immunoglobulins and which cells produce them?
Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells
produced by B cells
What is immunotherapy? When is it used?
Treatment that harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells.
Used in preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients
How is immunotherapy different from active immunization?
Active immunization focuses on inducing long lasting immunity to specific pathogens by exposing the body to harmless/weakened versions of the pathogen, while immunotherapy uses the immune system to attack and eliminate cancer cells
Covering a pathogen with antibodies to make ingestion easier, then a macrophage comes and destroys it is known as _______
Opsonization
Taking antibodies and covering the virus to prevent it from attaching is called ______
Neutralization
Antibody aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps is known as _______
Agglutination
The activation of classical complement pathways that can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses is known as ________
Complement fixation
What are monoclonal antibodies?*
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?
- One antibody against one pathogen typically used for treatment purposes
Where do B cells mature?*
In the bone marrow
Where do B cells go after maturation?*
To the spleen and other secondary lyphoid tissues
Where do T cell mature?*
In the thymus
What is the function of T cells?*
Helper T cells: get information for the pathogen from the APC
Cytotoxic T cells: fight current infection
Memory T cells: stay dormant and fight future infections
Discuss the types of B cells and how they are activated.*
Plasma B cells: produce antibodies and fight current infection
Memory B cells: Store antibody design and stay dormant until you encounter the same pathogen again
What is the function of B cells?*
Design and produce antibodies
What traits make a good antigen*
- over 8000 Da
- have areas of structural stability and chemical flexibility
- not composed of extensive repeating units
Small foreign molecules that only consist of a determinant group are known as ____________
Haptens
How are antibodies produced against haptens?
Attaching a hapten molecule to a larger carrier allows recognition by the immune system and the production of antibodies. From these carrier-hapten antibodies, a proportion of those produced will be anti-hapten antibodies.
Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate are known as _________ while cell surface makers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others are called _________
Autoantigens
Alloantigens
Potent T cell stimulators that provoke an overwhelming response are known as _________
Superantigens
What cells do superantigens target?
T cells