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Chp 16 and 17 B (*in notes) Flashcards

Currently listening to megalovania breh (34 cards)

1
Q

Y-shaped proteins produced by the body’s immune system to defend against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria are known as __________

A

Antibodies

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2
Q

What are constant and variable regions of an antibody?

A

Constant: I of Y
Variable: V of Y

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3
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes

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3
Q

What is GALT?

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

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4
Q

What are immunoglobulins and which cells produce them?

A

Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells

produced by B cells

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5
Q

What is immunotherapy? When is it used?

A

Treatment that harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells.

Used in preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients

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6
Q

How is immunotherapy different from active immunization?

A

Active immunization focuses on inducing long lasting immunity to specific pathogens by exposing the body to harmless/weakened versions of the pathogen, while immunotherapy uses the immune system to attack and eliminate cancer cells

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7
Q

Covering a pathogen with antibodies to make ingestion easier, then a macrophage comes and destroys it is known as _______

A

Opsonization

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8
Q

Taking antibodies and covering the virus to prevent it from attaching is called ______

A

Neutralization

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9
Q

Antibody aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps is known as _______

A

Agglutination

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10
Q

The activation of classical complement pathways that can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses is known as ________

A

Complement fixation

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11
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?*
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

A
  • One antibody against one pathogen typically used for treatment purposes
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11
Q

Where do B cells mature?*

A

In the bone marrow

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12
Q

Where do B cells go after maturation?*

A

To the spleen and other secondary lyphoid tissues

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12
Q

Where do T cell mature?*

A

In the thymus

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13
Q

What is the function of T cells?*

A

Helper T cells: get information for the pathogen from the APC

Cytotoxic T cells: fight current infection

Memory T cells: stay dormant and fight future infections

14
Q

Discuss the types of B cells and how they are activated.*

A

Plasma B cells: produce antibodies and fight current infection

Memory B cells: Store antibody design and stay dormant until you encounter the same pathogen again

14
Q

What is the function of B cells?*

A

Design and produce antibodies

14
Q

What traits make a good antigen*

A
  • over 8000 Da
  • have areas of structural stability and chemical flexibility
  • not composed of extensive repeating units
15
Q

Small foreign molecules that only consist of a determinant group are known as ____________

16
Q

How are antibodies produced against haptens?

A

Attaching a hapten molecule to a larger carrier allows recognition by the immune system and the production of antibodies. From these carrier-hapten antibodies, a proportion of those produced will be anti-hapten antibodies.

17
Q

Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate are known as _________ while cell surface makers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others are called _________

A

Autoantigens

Alloantigens

18
Q

Potent T cell stimulators that provoke an overwhelming response are known as _________

A

Superantigens

19
Q

What cells do superantigens target?

20
Differentiate between the five different classes of antibody? Indicate whether they are dimers, monomers, etc. (ONLY KNOW THE 2)
IgG: monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary) IgM: pentamer, first class synthesized following Ag encounter
20
What are antigen presenting cells?*
Phagocytic cells that bridges the 2nd and 3rd line of defense, APC takes bacteria and chops into pieces
21
Development of immune response system (idk how this works but I just put the major functions of receptors bc it was in the same slide bro)
Major functions of receptors are: 1. To perceive and attach to nonself or foreign molecules 2. To promotes the recognition of self molecules 3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system 4. To aid in cellular development
22
Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells are known as _________ (aka IgG)
Immunoglobulin
23
A molecule that triggers an immune response is called an __________
Antigen
24
What are primary and secondary responses to antigen?!!!!!!!!!!
- After first exposure to an antigen, the immune system produces IgM and a gradual increase in ab titer (concentration of antibodies) with the production of IgG (small wave IgM, bigger wave IgG) - After second contact with the same antigen, the immune system produces a more rapid, stronger response due to memory cells (small wave IgM, GIGANTIC wave IgG)
25
What are perforins and granzymes?
They are proteins involved in the cell mediated immune response, particularly in the elimination of infected or cancerous cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes by lysing them.
26
What are helper T cell and cytotoxic T cells?
Helper T cells regulate immune reaction to antigens and are also involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis Cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting perforins to lyse cells
27
Vaccine preparation a. Attenuated and killed*
Most prepared from: - killed whole cells or inactivated viruses - live attenuated cells or viruses - Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses - Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents
27
What are the requirements for a good vaccine?*
- low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm - should stimulate both B cell and T cell response - Long term lasting effects - AFFORDABLE, long shelf life, and easy to administer