Chp 16 and 17 B (*in notes)

Question 1

Y-shaped proteins produced by the body’s immune system to defend against foreign invaders like viruses and bacteria are known as __________

Answer 1

Antibodies

Question 2

What are constant and variable regions of an antibody?

Answer 2

Constant: I of Y
Variable: V of Y

Question 3

What is an epitope?

Answer 3

Small molecular group that is recognized by lymphocytes

Question 3

What is GALT?

Answer 3

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 4

What are immunoglobulins and which cells produce them?

Answer 4

Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells

produced by B cells

Question 5

What is immunotherapy? When is it used?

Answer 5

Treatment that harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer cells.

Used in preventing measles and hepatitis A and in replacing antibodies in immunodeficient patients

Question 6

How is immunotherapy different from active immunization?

Answer 6

Active immunization focuses on inducing long lasting immunity to specific pathogens by exposing the body to harmless/weakened versions of the pathogen, while immunotherapy uses the immune system to attack and eliminate cancer cells

Question 7

Covering a pathogen with antibodies to make ingestion easier, then a macrophage comes and destroys it is known as _______

Answer 7

Opsonization

Question 8

Taking antibodies and covering the virus to prevent it from attaching is called ______

Answer 8

Neutralization

Question 9

Antibody aggregation; cross-linking cells or particles into large clumps is known as _______

Answer 9

Agglutination

Question 10

The activation of classical complement pathways that can result in the specific rupturing of cells and some viruses is known as ________

Answer 10

Complement fixation

Question 11

What are monoclonal antibodies?*
What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Answer 11

• One antibody against one pathogen typically used for treatment purposes

Question 11

Where do B cells mature?*

Answer 11

In the bone marrow

Question 12

Where do B cells go after maturation?*

Answer 12

To the spleen and other secondary lyphoid tissues

Question 12

Where do T cell mature?*

Answer 12

In the thymus

Question 13

What is the function of T cells?*

Answer 13

Helper T cells: get information for the pathogen from the APC

Cytotoxic T cells: fight current infection

Memory T cells: stay dormant and fight future infections

Question 14

Discuss the types of B cells and how they are activated.*

Answer 14

Plasma B cells: produce antibodies and fight current infection

Memory B cells: Store antibody design and stay dormant until you encounter the same pathogen again

Question 14

What is the function of B cells?*

Answer 14

Design and produce antibodies

Question 14

What traits make a good antigen*

Answer 14

• over 8000 Da
• have areas of structural stability and chemical flexibility
• not composed of extensive repeating units

Question 15

Small foreign molecules that only consist of a determinant group are known as ____________

Answer 15

Haptens

Question 16

How are antibodies produced against haptens?

Answer 16

Attaching a hapten molecule to a larger carrier allows recognition by the immune system and the production of antibodies. From these carrier-hapten antibodies, a proportion of those produced will be anti-hapten antibodies.

Question 17

Molecules on self tissues for which tolerance is inadequate are known as _________ while cell surface makers and molecules that occur in some members of the same species but not in others are called _________

Answer 17

Autoantigens

Alloantigens

Question 18

Potent T cell stimulators that provoke an overwhelming response are known as _________

Answer 18

Superantigens

Question 19

What cells do superantigens target?

Answer 19

T cells

Question 20

Differentiate between the five different classes of antibody? Indicate whether they are dimers, monomers, etc. (ONLY KNOW THE 2)

Answer 20

IgG: monomer, produced by plasma cells (primary response) and memory cells (secondary) IgM: pentamer, first class synthesized following Ag encounter

Question 20

What are antigen presenting cells?*

Answer 20

Phagocytic cells that bridges the 2nd and 3rd line of defense, APC takes bacteria and chops into pieces

Question 21

Development of immune response system (idk how this works but I just put the major functions of receptors bc it was in the same slide bro)

Answer 21

Major functions of receptors are: 1. To perceive and attach to nonself or foreign molecules 2. To promotes the recognition of self molecules 3. To receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system 4. To aid in cellular development

Question 22

Large glycoproteins that serve as specific receptors of B cells are known as _________ (aka IgG)

Answer 22

Immunoglobulin

Question 23

A molecule that triggers an immune response is called an __________

Answer 23

Antigen

Question 24

What are primary and secondary responses to antigen?!!!!!!!!!!

Answer 24

- After first exposure to an antigen, the immune system produces IgM and a gradual increase in ab titer (concentration of antibodies) with the production of IgG (small wave IgM, bigger wave IgG) - After second contact with the same antigen, the immune system produces a more rapid, stronger response due to memory cells (small wave IgM, GIGANTIC wave IgG)

Question 25

What are perforins and granzymes?

Answer 25

They are proteins involved in the cell mediated immune response, particularly in the elimination of infected or cancerous cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes by lysing them.

Question 26

What are helper T cell and cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 26

Helper T cells regulate immune reaction to antigens and are also involved in activating macrophages and increasing phagocytosis Cytotoxic T cells destroy foreign or abnormal cells by secreting perforins to lyse cells

Question 27

Vaccine preparation a. Attenuated and killed*

Answer 27

Most prepared from: - killed whole cells or inactivated viruses - live attenuated cells or viruses - Antigenic molecules derived from bacterial cells or viruses - Genetically engineered microbes or microbial agents

Question 27

What are the requirements for a good vaccine?*

Answer 27

- low level of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm - should stimulate both B cell and T cell response - Long term lasting effects - AFFORDABLE, long shelf life, and easy to administer