Study guide chp 4 B Flashcards
cont'd bc it's so long bruh (45 cards)
What are the components of the cytoplasm in the prokaryotic cell?
- 80% water
- 20% proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and inorganic ions
The nuclear area in a bacteria’s cell is known as the….
nucleoid
TRUE OR FALSE:
Plasmids are excess DNA found within cytoplasm that are needed for survival in case other cells die
FALSE:
They are NOT needed for survival although increase survival rate of the cell
What genes do plasmids carry?
- Genes for antibiotic resistance
- Tolerance to toxic metals
- Production of toxins
- Synthesis of enzymes
What type of ribosomes are found in bacteria?
70s composed of 2 subunits (50s+ 30s) (when spun it equals to 70 even though 50+30 is 80)
What is the function of ribosomes?
Site of protein synthesis. They allow antibiotics to bind to them and inhibit them without affecting the host cell ribosomes.
How do antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, and tetracycline affect bacteria?
They kill both gram positive and gram negative bacteria by binding to the ribosome to prevent protein synthesis
What are inclusions?
Reserve deposits within the cytoplasm
What do the following inclusion bodies store?
- Polysaccharide granules
- Lipid inclusions
- Sulfur granules
- glycogen and starch
- store lipid in forms of mycobacterium, bacillus, azotobacter, spirillum
- sulfur
Describe the process of endospore formation
When some bacteria are placed in unfavorable conditions, before they die, they replicate their DNA
- Vegetative cell is taken to unfavorable condition
- Cell replicates DNA and starts to put membrane around it
- Cell continues to put several layers of membrane around it
- Cell then ruptures and dies and releases the endospore
- Endospore can survive a long time but is not metabolically active until it finds favorable conditions
- Once it finds good conditions, endospore will undergo germination
What are the 3 genera that form endospores?
- Clostridium
- Bacillus
- Sporosarcinae
Explain sporulation/ sporogenesis
When the endospore matures from its vegetative cell and is released after the cell wall of the cell is lysed.
Why are endospores clinically important?
They are important because they are resistant to the processes that normally kill bacteria.
Explain the germination process of the endospore.
- Germination is the return of the endospore to vegetative state
- It is triggered by physical and chemical damage to the endospore’s coat
- Endospore’s enzymes break down the extra layers surrounding the endospore, water enters, and metabolism resumes
What is the structure of the flagella and cilia in the eukaryotic cell?
- Flagella has long projections and are few in number
- Cilia has short projections and are numerous
What are cell walls of algae and all plants composed of? Be specific
Carbohydrates
- cellulose in plants
- chitin in fungi
- glucan and mannan in yeasts
Peripheral membrane proteins, phospholipid bilayer, integral proteins, and cell surface makers are the 4 main components of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic plasma membrane?
Eukaryotic
What role do the carbohydrates and sterols of the eukaryotic membrane play?
- Carbohydrates are used for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition
- Sterols are complex lipids
Explain endocytosis and its two types
Endocytosis is the process of bringing something into the cytoplasm.
Phagocytosis: A large solid particle will be engulfed by the plasma membrane and pinch off to make a vesicle containing the particle. It will then be sent off to do whatever the cell needs it to do
Pinocytosis: Large liquid particle will be engulfed by plasma membrane and become a vesicle.
What is exocytosis?
When the cell releases substances from its cytoplasm
The mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosome in the cell is called the…..
Chromatin
The folded transport network made up of tubes and sacs within a cell is known as the…..
Endoplasmic reticulum
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
DNA: Double stranded, deoxyribose, 3’ to 5’, AGCT bases
RNA: single stranded, ribose, 5’ to 3’, AGCU bases
Both have a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells:
- Small and simple
- 70s ribosomes
- Unicellular
- No nucleus
- Circular DNA
- Lack membrane-bound organelles
- Divide via binary fission
- Bacteria and archaea cells are prokaryotic
Eukaryotic cells:
- Large and complex
- 80s ribosomes
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Contains nucleus
- Has membrane-bound organelles
- Divide via mitosis
- Fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and helminths are eukaryotic
Both have cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and DNA
