Chp 3 Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards
1
Q
cell
A
basic, living structural functional unit of body
2
Q
cell physiology
A
study cell function
3
Q
cytology
A
study cell structure
4
Q
What are the three principal parts of cell?
A
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm - contains cytosol and organelles
- Nucleus
5
Q
Intracellular Fluid
A
within cells, cytosol
6
Q
Extracellular Fluid (Intercellular)
A
- between cells
- blood: within ___
- lymph: within ___
- in meninges of CNS
7
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
Lipid bilayer, semipermeable, creates conditions critical cell function
8
Q
What are functions of Plasma Membrane?
A
- physical barrier - separates inside cell from extracellular fluid
- regulation of exchange ions and molecules in environment
- sensitivity to environment
- structural support
9
Q
what does the phospholipid bilayer form?
A
forms basic framework of cell membrane
10
Q
How many membranes are in phospholipid bilayer?
A
two
11
Q
What lipid molecules are in two membranes?
A
cholesterol and glycolipids
12
Q
What are the two membrane proteins?
A
Integral Protein and Peripheral Proteins
13
Q
Integral Proteins are found in the? _____, they are _____, and exposed to ____ sides of ____
A
plasma membrane, amphipathic, both, ECF
14
Q
Peripheral Proteins are ____ attached to ____ or _____ of ______
A
loosely, inside, outside, plasma membrane
15
Q
what are Glycoproteins? ____ or ______ proteins, have chains of ____ ______
A
integral, peripheral, sugar molecules
16
Q
Where are glycoproteins located?
A
outside of cell membrane
17
Q
glycoproteins and glycolipids form carbohydrate-enriched coat called ____ around ____ of cell
A
glycocaly, outside
18
Q
6 Functions of Membrane Proteins?
A
- anchoring proteins
- recognition proteins
- enzymes
- receptor proteins
- carrier proteins
- channel proteins
19
Q
Anchoring Proteins
A
link one cell to another, link proteins outside cell to proteins inside
20
Q
anchoring proteins give _____ and shape, ____ cells to one another in tissues
A
structural stability, anchor
21
Q
Recognition Proteins
A
distinguish cells from anyone else’s
22
Q
Enzymes
A
catalyze reaction inside/outside cell
23
Q
Receptor Proteins
A
recognize specific ligand
24
Q
what do ligands do?
A
molecule binds to specific receptor
25
Carrier Proteins
move substances across plasma membrane by changing their shape
26
Channel Proteins
form pores in plasma membrane (sodium and potassium channels, aquapore)
27
How permeable is the plasma membrane?
semipermeable
28
Whats plasma membrane permeable to?
small solutes, non polar, hydrophobic
29
Whats plasma membrane impermeable to?
water soluble, polar, hydrophilic
30
What are three types of transport processes in cell membrane?
1. Diffusion
2. Carrier-Mediated Transport
3. Vesicular Transport
31
Whats Diffusion?
| Does Diffusion require energy?
- random movement of substance down concentration gradient
| - no energy required
32
Whats Carrier-Mediated Transport?
What does it require?
Does it require energy?
- movement substance
- integral proteins
- may or may not require energy
33
Whats Vesicular Transport?
| Does it require energy?
- movement large amounts material across plasma membrane in vesicles
- requires energy
34
Diffusion is ___ permeable, and moves molecules from ___ concentration to ____
selectively, high, low
35
plasma membrane ____ permeable, substances present higher inside cell others present higher outside cell = _____, across cell membrane called _____
selectively, concentration gradient, chemical gradient
36
greater concentration ____ inside cell, more ___ outside cell = _____ difference across plasma membrane called _____
anions, cations, charge, charge gradient
37
What do charge gradient and chemical gradient form?
electrochemical gradient
38
what does the Electrochemical Gradient do?
moves substances across plasma membrane
39
6 factors affecting diffusion rate
1. diffusion distance
2. size/mass of substance
3. temperature
4. steepness concentration gradient
5. electrical forces
6. surface area
40
What are two types of diffusion?
1. Simple Diffusion
| 2. Channel Mediated Diffusion
41
What molecules can diffuse in Simple Diffusion?
non-polar, hydrophobic
42
What molecules can diffuse in Channel Mediated Diffusion?
small inorganic molecules and water
43
Osmosis
movement of water through selectively permeable membrane from are higher concentration of water to are lower concentration of water
44
What two ways does water move through cells?
1. special channel proteins aquaporins
| 2. slipping through temporary spaces between phospholipids of plasma membranes
45
what does Tonicity do?
influences shape of cells body
46
Isotonic: concentration solutes are ____ on both sides of _____
same, membrane
47
Isotonic cell ____
maintains shape
48
Hypotonic: concentration solutes ___ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ___ cell
higher, cell, into
49
Hypotonic cell ____
explodes
50
Hemolysis
cell explodes specifically RBC
51
Hypertonic: concentration solutes ____ inside cell and ____ outside cell, water moves ____ cell
lower, higher, out
52
Hypertonic cell _____
shrinks
53
Isotonic IV solutions
prevents dehydration
54
Hypotonic IV solutions
treat dehydration, water moves from blood into interstitial fluid then into body cells (eg. gatorade)
55
Hypertonic IV solutions
fluid pulled from interstitial fluid into blood then for transport out of body (eg. urine)
56
What are two types of Carrier Mediated Transport
1. Facilitated Diffusion
| 2. Active Transport
57
Facilitated Diffusion passive (_____) movement of substance across plasma membrane by ________, from area of ____ to _____
no energy, carrier protein, high, low
58
Active Transport requires ATP?
| Movement of substances from area of _____ concentrations to area of ______ concentration
Yes
| lower, higher
59
What are two types of Active Transport?
Primary, secondary
60
Primary Active Transport is when energy from ______ of ATP changes shape of _____ protein, pumping solutes _____ concentration gradient
hydrolysis, carrier, against
61
What does the sodium potassium pump maintain?
maintains concentration of Na and K across cell membrane
62
for every ___ sodium (Na) ions kicked out cell via _________, ____ potassium (K) ions moved into cell
3, sodium potassium pump, 2
63
2 K enter cell --> ___ ---> ___ ---> 3 Na released
ATP, ADP hydrolysis
64
Secondary Active Transport ____ energy, moves specific substrate ____ its concentration gradient, requires _____ protein, can move another substrate at same time "______"
requires, down, carrier, free ride
65
What two types of transport are there in Secondary Active Transport?
cotransport, countertransport
66
Cotransport
Na moves into cell, other ions simultaneously transported same direction
67
Countertransport
Na moves into cells H, and Ca move out of cells
68
molecules that are too ___ be moved by ___ or _____ transport, move across plasma membrane in _____
large, active, passive transport, vesicles
69
Vesicles
small membrane-bound sac
70
What two directions can vesicles move?
Endocytosis, exocytosis
71
Exocytosis
movement substance out of cell
72
Endocytosis
movement substance into cell
73
What are three types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-Mediated Endoyctosis
74
Phagocytosis
cell eating
75
Phagocytosis: uptake large particles, when taken into cell particles enclosed in ____ then fuses with ____
phagosome, lysosome
76
what two main cells conduct phagocytosis?
macrophages, neutrophils
77
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
78
Pinocytosis: non-selective uptake of fluid ___ cell, allows cell to ____ surroundings
outside, sample
79
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
highly specific type of endocytosis, cells take up specific ligands
80
What two components make up the cytoplasm?
cytosol, organelles
81
Cytosol
intracellular fluid portion of cytoplasm, surrounds organelles
82
Organelles
specialized structures, perform specific functions
83
Cytoskeleton
Structural framework of cell
84
ribosomes
protein synthesis
85
Endoplasmic Reticulum
synthesis secretory proteins, membrane molecules, fatty acids, steroids, carbohydrates
86
Golgi Apparatus
sorting, packaging and transporting of ER products
87
Lysosomes
store digestive enzymes
88
Mitochondria
generation of ATP for cell
89
Cilia
movement of fluid and material along cells surface
90
Flagella
generate forward motion
91
what are the parts of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope and genes
92
genes are arranged in single file along ____
chromosomes
93
Human somatic cells are ____ cells have ____ chromosomes arrange as ____ pairs of chromosome with ____ copies
body, 46, 23, two
94
Human reproductive cells have _____ chromosomes and ____ copy
23, one
95
Haploid is ___ copy of human _____ cells
one, reproductive
96
Cell division is the process in which _______
cells reproduce themselves
97
when cell division occurs, nucleus divides by ____ or ____ followed by ____
mitosis, meiosis, cytokinesis
98
Somatic Cell Division results in ____ in number of ____ cells
increase, body
99
somatic cell division involves ____ and ____, produces ____ daughter cells, ____ to parent cell and have ____ number of chromosomes
mitosis, cytokinesis, two, identical, same
100
Mitosis
distribution of two sets of chromosomes, into two separate nuclei of two newly formed daughter cells
101
What are stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
102
Reproductive cell division consists of ___ and ____
meiosis, cytokinesis
103
where does meiosis occur?
ovaries and testes
104
Reproductive Cell Division results in production of ____ and ______
sperm, eggs
105
reproductive cell division one parent cell undergoes ___ cell divisions resulting in __ ___ from each parent cell
two, four gametes
106
gametes or sperm ____ identical to parent cell, possess ___ number chromosomes of parents = ______
not, half, haploid daughter cells
107
cell must ___ its DNA and produce additional ___ and ____ components before mitosis or ___ can proceed
replicate, organelles, cytosolic, meiosis
108
Interphase
growth of additional organelles, cytosolic components, DNA replications
109
during DNA replications, the ____-____ DNA molecule separated and each strand matched with _____ nucleotides
double-stranded, complementary
110
whats adenine paired with?
thymine
111
whats cytosine paired with?
guanine
112
why is DNA sequence important?
codes for proteins, and cell makes proteins by reading code provided by DNA
113
the ___ that copy DNA during ___ sometimes makes errors and matches incorrect ___ this is called mutation
enzymes, mitosis, nucleotide
114
what are three possible destinies of cells in our body?
1. maintain itself without dividing
2. cell division
3. cell death
115
Stem cells
continuously dived and give rise to more daughter cells
116
Apoptosis
genetically controlled cell death
117
Apoptosis happens when ____ of cell cause the cell to ____ itself
enzymes, destroy
118
Necrosis
pathological type cell death, due to tissue injury
119
Cancer
group diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division
120
Carcinogens
substances or agents cause cancer
121
Mutagens
chemical agents that induce mutations
122
____ also act as carcinogens
mutagens
123
Oncogenes
causes cancer, uncontrolled cell growth and division
124
the study of tumors is called?
oncology
125
Tumors
masses of cells that are dividing uncontrollably
126
p53 Gene
watches over DNA, makes sure mistakes are fixed
127
the p53 gene ___ for protein, and that protein helps ___ mistakes and ____ cell growth
encodes, fix, surpresses
128
What kinds of tumors are there?
Benign and Malignant
129
Benign
non cancerous, harmless, size may interfere with body functions
130
Malignant
cancerous, made up of cells lost track of growth and place in body
131
Metastasis
movement of cancerous cells throughout the body
132
___ most common type of cancer, arise from ____ cells
carcinomas, epithelial
133
Sarcomas
arise from connective tissues
134
osteosarcoma is example of ____, and is cancer of ____ tissue
sarcoma, bone
135
Leukemias
arise from blood-forming organs
136
lymphocytic leukaemia is example of ____ affects blood-forming stem cells in _______
leukaemia, bone marrow
137
Lymphomas
originate in lymphatic system
138
Hodgkin and non-hodkgkin is an example of ____ and results in uncontrolled growth of ____
lymphoma, lymphocytes
139
What are two treatment of cancers?
1. surgery
| 2. chemotherapy and radiation therapy
140
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
141
Angiogenesis is when ____ blood cells come to ____ cells to provide ____ and take away ___
red, cancer, O2, CO2
142
Amphipathic
has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
143
Proliferation
uncontrolled cell division
