Chpt 13 & 14 Flashcards
(266 cards)
1
Q
bas/o
A
base (opposite of acid)
2
Q
-phil
A
attracted to
3
Q
chrom/o
A
color
4
Q
coagul/o
A
clotting
5
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
6
Q
eosin/o
A
red, dawn, rosy
7
Q
erythr/o
A
red
8
Q
granul/o
A
granules
9
Q
hem/o
A
blood
10
Q
hemat/o
A
blood
11
Q
-crit
A
to separate
12
Q
hematocrit
A
gives the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
13
Q
hemoglobin/o
A
hemoglobin
14
Q
is/o
A
same, equal
15
Q
anisocytosis
A
= unequal cell sizes
abnormality of red blood cells (not white)
16
Q
anis/o
A
unequal
17
Q
kary/o
A
nucleus
*also nucle/o
18
Q
leuk/o
A
white
19
Q
mon/o
A
one, single
20
Q
monocyte
A
= single nucleus of a cell
Mononuclear WBC formed in lymph tissue; it is a phagocyte and a precursor of a macrophage
21
Q
morph/o
A
shape, form
22
Q
myel/o
A
bone marrow
23
Q
-blast
A
immature cell
24
Q
neutr/o
A
neutral (neither base nor acid)
25
nucle/o
nucleus
| *also kary/o
26
phag/o
eat, swallow
27
poikil/o
varied, irregular
28
poikilocytosis
= abnormal condition of irregular cells
| Irregularity in the SHAPE of RBCs
29
sider/o
iron
30
spher/o
globe, round
31
spherocytosis
= abnormal condition of round cells
| round shape makes them fragile and easily destroyed
32
thromb/o
clot
33
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
34
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
35
-emia
blood condition
36
-gen
giving rise to; producing
37
-globin
protein
38
-globulin
protein
39
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
40
-oid
derived or originating from
41
-penia
deficiency
42
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
43
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
44
-poiesis
formation
45
-stasis
stop, control
46
Hypochromia
Cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)
47
Macrocytosis
Cells are large
48
Microcytosis
Cells are small
49
dyscrasia
Any abnormal or pathological condition of the blood
50
*Anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
51
*Aplastic anemia
Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. All cell lines will decrease
52
Pancytopenia
deficiency of all blood cells
53
Hemolytic anemia*
Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.
| ex- congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)
54
*Pernicious anemia
Related to vitamin B-12
55
*Sickle cell anemia
Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis. This distorted shape gets stick in blood vessels.
56
*Thalassemia
Has to do with the mediterranean
57
*Hemochromatosis
Blood and color
| -Excess iron deposits throughout the body. (increased color due to iron)
58
*Polycythemia vera
General increase in the RBCs (erythremia). Blood consistency is thick because increased RBCs
59
*Hemophilia
Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (FACTOR 8) necessary for blood clotting
60
*Purpura
Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
61
Petechiae
Tiny purple or red flat spots on skin as result of hemorrhages
62
Ecchymoses
Larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
63
Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
Condition where a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets. Bleeding time is prolonged
64
Leukemia*
Increase in cancerous white blood cells
65
Acute leukemia*
In children and adolescents
66
Chronic leukemia*
In old people
67
granulocytosis
Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
68
Mononucleosis*
Infectious disease marked by increase numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
-This disease is transmitted by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
69
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Transmits mononucleosis
70
*Multiple myeloma
Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
71
Palliative
relieving symptoms but not cute
72
*complete blood count (CBC)
Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, and red cell values
73
Hematocrit (Hct)
PERCENTAGE of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
74
Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB) *
Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
75
Platelet count*
Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
76
Prothrombin time (PT) *
Test of the ability of the blood to CLOT
77
Red blood cell count (RBC)
Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.
78
White blood cell count (WBC)
Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
79
autologous stem cell transplantation
The patients own stem cells are collected, stored and reinfused after potent chemotherapy.
80
Ab
antibody
81
ABO
four main blood types -- A, B, AB, O
82
ALL
acute lymphatic leukemia
83
AML
acute myelogenous leukemia
84
bands*
immature white blood cells (granulocutes)
85
baso*
basophils
86
BMT
bone marrow transplantation
87
CBC
complete blood count
88
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
89
CML
chronic myelogenous leukemia
90
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
91
EBV
Eptein-Barr virus
92
Fe
Iron
93
GVHD
graft-versus-host disease
| has to do with transplants (immune reaction of donor's cells to recipient's tissue)
94
Hct
hematocrit
95
Hgb, HGB
hemoglobin
96
H and H
hemoglobin and hematocrit
97
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
immunoglobulins
98
lymphs*
lymphocytes
99
polys*
polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
100
PMNs
polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
101
PMNLs
polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
102
PT
prothrombin time
103
pro time *
prothrombin time
104
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
105
RBC
red blood cell; red blood cell count
106
segs*
segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils)
107
WBC
white blood cell; white blood cell count
108
WNL
within normal limits
109
Cytotoxic T cell
Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens
| Called CD8-positive T cell
110
B cell (B lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that matures into plasma cell to secrete antibodies.
111
helper T cell
Lymphocyte that aids B cell and stimulates T cells.
| Also called CD4-positive T cell.
112
lymph
Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body
113
T cell (T lymphocyte)
Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins.
114
immun/o
protection
115
lymph/o
lymph
116
lymphedema
IF collects within the spaces bw cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy may destroy lymphatics and produce lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatments.
117
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
118
splen/o
spleen
119
thym/o
thymus gland
120
tox/o
toxic
121
ana-
again, anew
122
inter-
between
123
-phylaxis
protection
124
-stitial
pertaining to standing or positioned
125
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
126
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Virus that causes AIDS
- HIV destroys helper T cells (aka CD4+ cells, containing the CD4 protein antigen). This disrupts the immune response, allowing for infections to occur.
127
Opportunistic infections
Infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called this.
| -Because HIV lowers resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are easily otherwise contained.
128
Kaposi sarcoma*
Malignancies associated with AIDS. Its a skin cancer arising from the lining cells of the capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules
129
Wasting syndrome*
Marked by weight loss and decrease of muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity, this also may occur with AIDS
130
Lymphoma*
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
131
Hodgkin disease
Can see Reed-Sternberg cells
132
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
133
Thymona
Malignant tumor of the thymus gland
134
Allergy*
Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
135
AIDS*
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
136
CD4+ cell*
helper T cell
137
CD8+ cell*
cytotoxic T cell
138
CMV*
cytomegalovirus
| -causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection
139
HD*
Hodgkin disease
140
Histo*
histoplasmosis
| -fungal infection seen in AIDS patients
141
HIV*
human immunodeficiency virus
142
HSV*
herpes simplex virus
143
KS*
kaposi sarcoma
144
MAI*
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
145
NHL***
non-hodgkin lymphoma
146
PCP
pneumocystis
| -opportunistic AIDS-related infection
147
Toxo*
toxoplasmosis
| -parasitic infection associated with AIDS
148
thrombocyte or cell fragment that helps blood clot
platelet
149
mononuclear leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies
lymphocyte
150
leukocyte with dense, reddish granules having an affinity for red acidic dye; associated with allergic reactions
eosinophil
151
leukocyte (polymorphonuclear granulocyte) formed in the bone marrow; granules do not stain intensely and have pale color
neutrophil
152
leukocyte (granulocyte) with dark-staining blue granules; releases histamine and heparin
basophil
153
coagulation
blood clotting
154
granulocyte
WBC with numerous dark staining granules (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
155
mononuclear (definition)
pertaining to a leukocyte with a single round nucleus (monocytes, lymphocytes)
156
polymorphonuclear (definition)
pertaining to a WBC with a multi-lobed nucleus (neutrophil)
157
megakaryocyte (definition)
large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow
158
plasma
liquid portion of the blood
159
myeloblast
immature bone marrow cell that gives rise to granulocytes
160
plasma minus clotting proteins and cells
serum
161
change in structure and function of a cell as it matures
differentiation
162
hemolysis
destruction/breakdown of RBCs
163
What is electrophoresis?
method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge
164
What is an immunoglobulin
protein with antibody activity (IgG, IgE, IgH)
165
What is plasapheresis
removal by centrifuge of plasma from withdrawn blood
166
anticoagulant
substance that prevents clotting
167
hemoglobinopathy
disease condition of hemoglobin
168
cytology
study of cells
169
leukopenia
deficiency of WBCs
170
morphology
the study of shape or form (of cells)
171
megakaryote
cell with a large nucleus
172
sideropenia
deficiency of iron
173
phagocyte
cell that eats or swallows
174
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
175
plateletpheresis
separation of platelets
176
monoblast
immature monocyte
177
myelodysplasia
abnormal production of bone marrow
178
hemostasis
controlling or stopping blood
179
thrombolytic
pertaining to destroying clots
180
hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells
181
derived in bone marrow
myeloid
182
deficiency of a type of WBC
neutropenia
183
percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood
hematocrit
184
increase in a type of WBC (seen in allergies)
eosinophilia
185
abnormal condition of clot formation
thrombosis
186
separation of WBCs from a blood sample
leukapheresis
187
disease of clotting process
coagulopathy
188
deficiency of platelets
thrombocytopenia
189
any irregularity in the shape of RBCs
poikilocytosis
190
formation of RBCs
erythropoiesis
191
deficiency in numbers of RBCs
anemia
192
destruction of RBCs
hemolysis
193
pertaining to reduction of hemoglobin in RBCs
hypochromic
194
variation in size of RBCs
anisocytosis
195
abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally bi-concave shaped, RBCs
spherocytosis
196
increase in the number of small RBCs
microcytosis
197
general increase in numbers of RBCs; erythemia
polycytosis vera
198
increase in numbers of large RBCs
macrocytosis
199
iron deficiency anemia*
lack of iron leading to insufficient hemoglobin production
200
pernicious anemia*
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb B12
201
sickle cell anemia*
hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes
202
aplastic anemia*
failure in blood cell production in bone marrow
203
thalassemia*
inherited defect of inability to produce hemoglobin leading to hypochromia
204
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
205
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood (eosiniphilia and basophilia)
206
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors
207
hemochromatosis (definition)
excessive iron deposits throughout the body
208
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow
209
mononucleosis
abnormal condition of increase in the number of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarges cervical lymph nodes.
210
Bence Jones protein
Immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma
211
apheresis
separation of blood into its parts
212
eosinophilia
increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions
213
packed cells
preparation of erythrocytes separated from plasma
214
Gary, a 1 year old black child, was failing to gain weight normally. He seemed pale and without energy. His blood tests shows a decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit. After a blood smear revealed abnormally shaped RBCs, the physical told Gary's parents that their son had (iron deficiency / hemophelia / sickle cell anemia)
sickle cell anemia
215
61 year old Barbara's lab tests shows abnormal proteins in her plasma and Bence Jones protein in her urine. She had osteopenia and a fracture in one of her ribs. Her oncologist diagnosed her condition as (mononucleosis / thrombocytopenic purpura / multiple myeloma)
multiple myeloma
216
Bobby was diagnosed at a very early age with a bleeding disorder called (hemophilia, thalassemia, eosinophilia). He needed factor 8 regularly after even the slighted thaumatic injury.
hemophilia
217
Susan was experiencing heavy menstrual periods (menorrhea / menorrhagia / hemoptysis). Because of the bleeding, she frequently felt tired and weak and probably was sideropenic. Her physician performed blood tests that revealed her problem as (thrombocytopenia / pernicious anemia / ion deficiency anemia)
menorrhagia, iron deficiency anemia
218
Dr. Harris examined a highly allergic patient and sent a blood sample to a specialist, a (pulmonary / cardiovascular, hematologic) pathologist. The specialist stained the blood smear and found an abundance of leukocytes with dense, reddish granules. She made the diagnosis of (basophilia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia)
hematologic, eosinophilia
219
George's blood cell counts had been falling in recent weeks. His scheduled laparotomy was canceled because blood tests revealed (pancytopenia, plasmapheresis, myelopoiesis). Bone marrow biopsy determined that the cause was (hyperplasia, hypoplasia, differentiation)
pancytopenia, hypoplasia
220
collection of stationary lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels
lymph node
221
large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body
thoracic duct
222
organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out erythrocytes, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.
spleen
223
mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx
adenoids
224
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react from the upper right part of the body
right lymphatic duct
225
fluid in the spaces between cells
interstitial fluid
226
cervical nodes (location) *
neck
227
mediastinal nodes (location)*
space between the lungs in the chest
228
paraaortic nodes (location)*
near the aorta in the lumbar region of the body
229
mesenteric nodes (location)*
intestines
230
lymphocyte that matures from a B lymphocyte and secretes antibodies
plasma cell
231
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues in the body
macrophage
232
CD4+ T cell the aids B cells in recognizing antigens
helper T cell
233
Treg that inhibits the activity on B and T lymphocytes
supressor T cell
234
proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target
compliment system
235
antigen-presenting cell; shows B cells and T cells what to attack
dendritic cell
236
toxins
poisons (antigens)
237
helper T cells
lymphocytes that aids B cells; CD4+ T cell
238
supressor T cells
T lymphocytes that inhibit the activity of B and T cells
239
cytotoxic T cells
T lymphocytes that directly kill foreign cells (CD8+ T cells)
240
plasma cells
Transformed B cells that secrete antibodies
241
interferons and interleukins
Cytokines secreted by cytotoxic T cells
242
formation of lymph
lymphopoiesis
243
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
thymoma
244
inflammation of lymph glands (nodes)
lymphadenitis
245
deficiency of lymph cells
lymphycytopenia
246
pertaining to poison
toxic
247
disease of lymph glands (nodes)
lymphadenopathy
248
syndrome marked by enlargement of the spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
hypersplenism
249
antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity)
allergen
250
extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein; marked by hypotension, chock, and respiratory distress
anaphylaxis
251
disorder in which the immune system is suppressed by exposure to HIV
AIDS
252
removal of a mediastinal organ
thymectomy
253
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the lymph nodes and spleen; Reed-Sternberg cells are in lymph nodes.
Hodgkin disease
254
spleen, thymus, and tonsils
lymphoid organs
255
swelling of tissues due to IF accumulation
lymphedema
256
white blood cells that are destroyed with AIDS
CD4+ T cells
257
group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS
opportunistic infections
258
weight loss with decreases muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
wasting syndrome
259
drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV
RT inh
260
drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV
protease inh
261
chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of antibodies to normal tissue*
autoimmune diseases
262
a hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition*
atopy
263
a malignant tumor of lymph nodes; follicular and large cell are types of this disease*
non hodgkin lymphoma
264
introduction of altered antigens to produce an immune response and protection from disease*
vaccination
265
tests that separate immunoglobulins*
immunoelectrophoresis
266
antibody used in immunotherapy; produced in a lab to attack antigens and destroy cells*
monoclonal antibody
