Chs. 1-4 Final review Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Portuguese explorer; started Center for Astronomy and Geography
A
Henry the Navigator
2
Q
Portuguese explorer; found water route to eastern Asia
A
Vasco de Gama
3
Q
Portuguese explorer; reached southern tip of Africa
A
Bartholomew Dias
4
Q
two major European encounters with America
A
Vikings (1000 AD), Columbus (1492)
5
Q
Italian navigator; navigated using Ptolemy’s geography
A
Chris Columbus
6
Q
What monarchs sent Columbus to search for India?
A
Ferdinand and Isabella (Spain)
7
Q
two things set by Treaty of Tordesillas
A
- Portugal gets route around Africa and India
- Spain gets new lands of America
8
Q
three famous Spanish explorers
A
- Ponce de Leon
- Vasco de Balboa
- Magellan
9
Q
Spanish explorer; discovered Florida
A
Ponce de Leon
10
Q
Spanish explorer; first European to reach Pacific coast of North America
A
Vasco de Balboa
11
Q
Spanish explorer; first to circumnavigate the globe
A
Magellan
12
Q
exchanges between Old World (Europe) and New World (Americas)
A
Columbian Exchange
13
Q
things exchanged during Columbian Exchange
A
crops, disease, money, slaves
14
Q
He led the Spanish conquest of the Aztec
A
Hernan Cortes
15
Q
Spanish captain who overthrew the Incan ruler and tried to institute Christianity
A
Pizarro
16
Q
In Mexico and Peru, Spanish explorers enslaved Native __, spread ___ and conquered two civilizations
A
Americans, disease
17
Q
What advantage did the Spanish have over Native Americans?
A
technology - weapons (guns, swords, cannons)
18
Q
Spanish for “conqueror,” the men who led the expeditions to conquer the Americas
A
conquistador
19
Q
low-ranking nobles who came to America as conquistadors
A
hidalgo
20
Q
system of rewarding conquistadors tracts of land, including the right to tax and exact labor from Native Americans
A
encomienda
21
Q
a huge ranch
A
hacienda
22
Q
French explorer, founded Quebec as capital of New France
A
Samuel de Champlain
23
Q
French explorer of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River and claimed it for France; named it Louisiana
A
de La Salle
24
Q
split in the Church started by Martin Luther; led English religious groups to Americas
A
Protestant Reformation
25
English Protestants; left England because of religious persecution
Puritans
26
pilgrims on Mayflower who came to Plymouth
Puritans
27
French explorer, discovered St. Lawrence River
Jacques Cartier
28
organization in which many investors pool funds to raise large amounts of money for large projects
joint-stock company
29
this booming market in England forced many tenants off their land
wool
30
English explorer who landed in N. America and named that land Virginia in honor of the queen (the Virgin Queen)
Sir Walter Raleigh
31
first permanent English settlement in North America
Jamestown
32
first English colony in North America; it mysteriously vanished
Roanoke
33
the crop that saved Jamestown
tobacco
34
two sides in the English Civil War
Parliament (Roundheads) vs. King Charles I
35
5 New England colonies
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine
36
battle between Native Americans and New England colonists
King Philip's War
37
5 Southern colones
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
38
3 southern cash crops
tobacco, rice, indigo
39
people who promised to work in America in exchange for a free trip from Europe
indentured servants
40
large commercial estates in the South where many workers lived and grew crops for the owner
plantation
41
wealthy landowners in the South
gentry
42
farming just enough crops to feed yourself and your family
subsistence farming
43
Southern farmers who rented land from richer landowners
tenant farmers
44
battle between poor tenant farmers and the House of Burgesses for control of Jamestown
Bacon's Rebellion
45
two results of Bacon's Rebellion
- increase in slaves (because they would never need land)
| - wealthy planters realized poorer farmers needed land
46
slave trade route across the Atlantic Ocean
Middle Passage
47
set of laws that defined slavery
slave code
48
6 important businesses in New England and Middle Colonies
farming, fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, lumbering, barrel making
49
strictly religious people of New England
Puritans
50
Puritan meetings where men could vote on local issues
town meetings
51
trade system between New England and the Caribbean
triangular trade
52
In triangular trade, New England exchanged ___ and ___ for ___ from the Caribbean
fish and lumber for sugar
53
businesspeople who risked their own money to make a profit
entrepreneurs
54
skilled workers who made goods to sell
artisan
55
people who invested their money in new businesses
capitalists
56
three classes in New England society
1 - wealthy entrepreneurs
2 - middle class small farmers
3 - land renters and wage workers
57
three central ideas of mercantilism
1 - a country become wealthy by collecting gold
2 - collect gold by selling goods to other countries
3 - collect raw materials by setting up colonies, then sell them finished goods
58
How did England benefit from the colonies?
England collected raw materials from the colonies, then sold them finished goods
59
How did the colonies benefit from mercantilism?
Colonies could always sell their raw materials to England, BUT they weren't allowed to sell their goods to other countries
60
laws passed by Charles II to limit colonial trade and bring wealth to England
Navigation Acts
61
Navigation Act requiring that any goods headed for the colonies must first go to England
Staple Act
62
results of the Navigation Acts
colonies sometimes ignored the laws and smuggled for trade
63
overthrow of James II by William and Mary
Glorious Revolution
64
enacted by William and Mary, it listed rights of the people
British Bill of Rights
65
enacted by William and Mary, it granted freedom to worship to Protestants but not Catholics
Toleration Act
66
philosopher who wrote that all men have natural rights to life, liberty, property
John Locke
67
war between French and British over America; Native Americans first sided with the French but withdrew support when the British strength grew.
French and Indian War
68
1754, seven colonies met with 150 Iroquois leaders to negotiate an alliance
Albany Conference
69
Albany Plan of Union
while the Iroquois refused an alliance with the British, they agreed to remain neutral
70
forbade all settlers from settling past a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains
Proclamation of 1763
71
a tax on imports and exports
customs duty
72
law that increased tax rates for raw sugar imports and allowed British officials to seize goods without due process
Sugar Act
73
law that put a tax on all printed materials; eventually repealed after boycott
Stamp Act
74
a pledge by merchants not to buy imported goods from a particular source
nonimportation agreement
75
an organization of revolutionaries who opposed the Stamp Act
Sons of Liberty
76
forced the colonies to pay more for their own defense and to provide housing for British troops
Quartering Act
77
law that asserted England's authority over the colonies
Declaratory Act
78
series of laws passed to increase taxes and raise money for Britain
Townshend Acts
79
a search warrant enabling customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling
writ of assistance
80
group of women colonists who boycotted British goods following the Townshend Acts
Daughters of Liberty
81
incident in which British troops fired on protesters in Boston
Boston Massacre
82
occurred when a British ship chasing colonial smugglers was attacked in Rhode Island
Gaspee Affair
83
committee organized in each colony to communicate with and unify the colonies
committee of correspondence
84
a protest (1773) against the British duty on tea imported by the American colonies; colonists disguised as Indians boarded British ships in Boston harbor and dumped the tea overboard
Boston Tea Party
85
Parliament passed laws to punish Massachusetts and to end colonial independence; these laws were also known as the Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act
Intolerable Acts
86
Parliament laws to punish and control the colonies: (1) Massachusetts had to pay for all of the ruined tea (2) officials were to be appointed by the governor and no longer elected (3) town meetings were banned (4) local officials were required to provide lodging for British soldiers
Coercive Acts
87
Parliament passed the law in 1774 that the king would run Quebec via his appointees. It also gave more territory to Quebec; if colonists moved west, they had no elected representation
Quebec Act
88
First Continental Congress's document claiming loyalty to the king but protesting certain acts
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
89
companies of civilian soldiers who boasted they were ready to fight on a minute's notice
minutemen
90
colonists loyal to the king
Loyalists
91
American colonist who supported the War for Independence
Patriots
92
Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia in June, 1775 and addressed the issue of defense by adopting the militia army and renaming it the Continental Army with George Washington as general and commander in chief.
Second Continental Congress
93
first battles of Revolutionary War; colonial victories
Lexington and Concord
94
American militia successfully turned back two British advances in Boston on 6/16/1775
Battle of Bunker Hill
95
Second Continental Congress's attempt to prevent war by reaffirming loyalty to Britain
Olive Branch Petition
96
author of Common Sense
Thomas Paine
97
The formal statement, composed by Thomas Jefferson and endorsed by the Second Continental Congress, on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies free and independent of England.
Declaration of Independence
98
a hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes
guerilla warfare
99
American merchant who financed the Revolutionary War
Robert Morris
100
American victory in the war that turned around morale and convinced France to commit troops to aid America
Battle of Saratoga
101
major battle near the end of the Revolutionary War when the British began to attach southern colonies; British victory
Battle of Charleston
102
1781 battle that ended the war
Battle of Yorktown
103
treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, giving the US control of all North America
Treaty of Paris
