circulation!

Question 1

circulatory system parts

Answer 1

lymphatic vascular (collects EVF and returns it to vascular system) and cardiovascular

Question 2

blood components

Answer 2

plasma, leukocytes (inc. lymphocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, macrophages), erythrocytes (recycled by macrophages regularly), platelets

Question 3

lymphocyte purposes and quantity

Answer 3

overall 20-50% of leukocytes - monocytes (become macrophages, 2-10%), neutrophils (acute inflammatory response/pus - 40-75%), eosinophils (fight parasites, 1-6%), basophils (histamine, inflammation- <1%)

Question 4

hematopoesis site

Answer 4

in embryos and salamanders, liver and spleen. in adults, bone marrow. come from stem cells that can become lymphoid or myeloid and differentiate from there

Question 5

megakaryocytes

Answer 5

can produce platelets and RBCs

Question 6

blood vessel devo origin

Answer 6

lateral plate mesoderm

Question 7

blood vessel structure

Answer 7

inside to outside: tunica intima (endothelium, connective tissue, internal elastic lamina), tunica media (smooth muscle), tunica adventita (outer supporting connective tissue)

Question 8

heart tissue layers

Answer 8

layers of blood vessels but they are called endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

Question 9

elastic arteries

Answer 9

tunica media has elastin rings otw out of heart

Question 10

muscular/distributing arteries

Answer 10

from elastic arteries to resistance vessels (arteries and arterioles)

Question 11

capillaries w types

Answer 11

barely fits erythrocytes. continuous, fenestrated (in endocrine glands, kidneys, intestines, pancreas) or sinusoid (liver and spleen)

Question 12

venules/veins

Answer 12

thinner walls than arteries, generally wider, store most of the blood. covering has thicker adventita

Question 13

blood in embryo

Answer 13

forms in “islands” in the mesoderm

Question 14

elasmobranch heart

Answer 14

s-shaped, near gills, 4 linear chambers (back to front: sinus venosus (blood from common cardinal and hepatic veins), atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus (spiral, keeps oxy and deoxy blood separate, controls flow to gills, evens pressure)

Question 15

blood flow path elasmobranchs

Answer 15

heart > aorta > spiracular artery and 5 branchial arteries in gills> efferent branchial arteries to coelic, mesenteric, gonadal, renal arteries (systemic)> hepatic portal veins > liver > hepatic veins > heart

Question 16

elasmobranch head and trunk veins

Answer 16

jugular in head, abdominal in trunk (cardinal in both)

Question 17

circulatory major transition

Answer 17

from branchial system to pulmonary system (all branchial arches to 1 pulmonary arch, ductus arteriosus appears)

Question 18

lungfish switching between breathing modes

Answer 18

for gill breathing, blood thru arches 2, 5, 6 and ductus arteriosus keeps from entering the pulmonary artery (goes to systemic), for lungs blood goes to right side of heart, 6th aortic arch which has ductus arteriosus blocking gills, pulmonary, left side of heart, 3rd and 4th arches, dorsal aorta, systemic.

Question 19

amphibian circulation

Answer 19

1st and 2nd arches fused, 3rd and 4th make up common carotid, 4th goes to systemic, 6th goes to pulmocutaneous artery (lungs and skin). 3-chambered heart is septated but allows blood to mix. blood does not go thru pulmonary circuit when not necessary. deoxygenated enters R, oxy leaves L

Question 20

tetrapod branchial arches

Answer 20

only retain 3, 4 and 6 (rest were gills)

Question 21

reptile circulation

Answer 21

4 chambers kinda (ventricle is septated so blood mixes a little), shunts using pressure differential used in periods of apnea

Question 22

foramen of panizza

Answer 22

connects L and R aorta in crocodilians, allows blood to move from RV to L aorta and system when pulmonary circuit is not active

Question 23

bird and mammal circulation

Answer 23

4 equal, separate chambers with one side oxygenated and one deoxygenated, pulmonary and systemic separated. birds have 1 systemic arch and subclavians for blood supply to wings. sinus venosus becomes sinoatrial node in mammals, they also have subclavians

Question 24

coronary arteries

Answer 24

in humans heart, supply blood to heart from pulmonary

Question 25

systemic vs pulmonary pressure humans

Answer 25

systemic - 100 mmHg, pulmonary - 15-20 mmHg

Question 26

fetal mammals circulation

Answer 26

have all arches, use shunts, bc no lungs. also have foramen ovale in atrial septum used to shunt blood (must close upon birth)