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Anatomy > digestion!! > Flashcards

digestion!! Flashcards

1
Q

oral glands evolution

A

fish - just mucus cells, lampreys - anticoagulant secreted by 2 oral glands, verts have salivary glands (eccrine) for lubrication, digestion, antisepsis

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2
Q

mammal salivary gland types

A

mandibular, sublingual, parotid and some have zygomatic, buccal, molar

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3
Q

salivary secreting cell types

A

serous - watery, stain dark. mucus - thicker, stain light

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4
Q

acinus

A

cavity of duct

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5
Q

how do saliva cells secrete

A

secretion stored in cell and can be expelled when needed

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6
Q

organs that gut tube forms..

A

lungs, liver, pancreas

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7
Q

divisions of gut (develop into..)

A

foregut = esophagus, pharynx, duodenum, lungs, stomach, liver, pancreas, biliary apparatus, midgut = small intestine, appendix, coecum, 2/3 transverse colon, ascending colon. hindgut -1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, some of anal canal.

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8
Q

lining of gut tube layers

A

inside to outside - lumen, mucosa (connective tissue = epidermis, lamina propia with lymph/GALT), muscuaris mucosa (divides mucosas), submucosa (nerves, blood vessels), muscularis externa: (circular smooth muscle layer, nerve net, longitudinal smooth muscle layer, connective tissue) serosa = barrier

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9
Q

hoatzin

A

bird with esophageal crop for fermenting cellulose. produces milky secretion for young

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10
Q

esophagus special features

A

crushes eggs for egg eating snakes. can be a crop for fermentation in birds

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11
Q

esophageal lining in mammals

A

cornified stratfied squamous epithelium, sphincter uses skeletal muscle, mixed as we move down, all smooth at bottom

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12
Q

stomach evolution

A

post-filter feeding (cephalo-, uro-, agnathans = no stomach), secondarily lost in carp and lungfish. HCl evolved maybe for storing/ sanitizing food. is straight in snakes and eels, j shaped for most everyone

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13
Q

stomach usual chambers

A

fundus, body, pylorus. pyloric sphincter at bottom

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14
Q

stomach lining structure

A

3 layers of muscularis externa, rugae - grooves to move food around, gastric pits with secretory mucus cells, parietal cells (0.1 M HCl), peptic cells (peptin). some animals make chitinase, young mammans make rennin and chymosin

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15
Q

stomach accessory organs

A

gizzard (from posterior) in some fish and reptiles and ALL birds, birds also have proventriculus from anterior portion, these use stones to grind and aid digestion

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16
Q

ruminants examples

A

cattle, deer, giraffes, camels, hippos, sheep (artiodactyls)

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17
Q

4 chambers of ruminant stomach

A

rumen, reticulum, amasum, abomasum

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18
Q

tooth development theories

A

outside in (scales) used to be favored, inside out from pharynx is now talked about too

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19
Q

tooth devo history

A

eels and some teleosts like cichlids have pharyngeal jaw for crushing, some teleosts have lost teeth and have keratin “teeth”

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20
Q

thecodont attachment structures

A

cement (between tooth and socket) and periodontal ligament

21
Q

polyphyodont strategy

A

replaces even/odd at same time so more than half of teeth are always available

22
Q

unique teeths

A

stingrays - plate for crushing. toothed whales - monophyodont. rodent incisors - enamel on the front so they wear down unevenly and become very sharp. canines can be for defense in herbivores - “tooth horns”

23
Q

premolar/molar types

A

bunodont - square, symmetrodont - fit together, usually triangular for cutting, lophodont (massive like elephants’, fused premolar and molars)

24
Q

shark feeding strategies

A

ram feeding, or use epaxial and hypaxial to move head and hyoid and mandibular to open jaw

25
Q

fish and salamanders feeding

A

mobile skull elements help with suction feeding

26
Q

reptiles general 4 phases of feeding

A

slow opening - pterygoids lift snout, mandible lowers using hyoid apparatus. fast opening - depressor mandibulae depress lower jaw as much as possible, fast closing- adductor mandibula snaps back. slow closing is used for crushing or slicing prey

27
Q

importance of cranial kinesis in birds

A

eating hard shit like seeds and pecking shouldnt cause brain damage lol

28
Q

mammal jaw muscles

A

digastric (open) and temporalis (close), not a lot of kinesis

29
Q

filter feeding strategy

A

cephalo, uro, lamprey larva use cilia to draw things in and buccal cavity contains mucus to move particles along

30
Q

tongue why

A

pressure can no longer be used to help swallow food

31
Q

tongue features

A

papillae are keratinous, used for grooming, grinding. taste buds, used for taste and smell in snakes (vomeronasal organ)

32
Q

mammal small intestine sections

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

33
Q

processes in duodenum

A

liver bile emulsifies fats, pancreatic enzymes digest, brunners glands secrete bicarbonate to raise pH from 4 to 7, crypts of lieberkuhn (to replenish villi cells)

34
Q

plicae circulares

A

intestinal folds covered in villi (which are lined with enterocytes with microvilli)

35
Q

villi composition

A

enterocytes (absorption), goblet cells (mucus secretion), stem cell crypts (of lieberkuhn) at the base that generate new cells replacing the ones at the top

36
Q

intestines devo through orders

A

spiral valve in sharks, tube shaped in sharks, lampreys, lungfish. bony fishes have coiling, amphibians add large intestine (digestion still inefficient), endotherms add longer length to optimize/digest faster

37
Q

pyloric caeca

A

branches of intestine in fish, have special enzymes like wax lipase. aristotle said storing food? fermentation? digestion?

38
Q

amphibian and reptile intestines

A

have small and large, more length but less SA = more time spent digesting

39
Q

endotherm intestines

A

must be very efficient. on average 3.5x the length of body, for herbivores 25x as long. humans - small intestine = SA of tennis court

40
Q

colon purpose

A

water recovery from waste

41
Q

hindgut fermenter examples

A

rabbit, horses, rhino, rodents. use caecum for digestion, sometimes must eat poop to regain flora

42
Q

liver structure

A

unit - lobule, canaliculi throughout, where 3 lobules meet there are portal triads with bile ductule, portal vein (from intestines, nutrient rich ~75%), hepatic artery (from heart, ~25%). rows of hepatocytes (produce bile), sinusoid capillaries btwn

43
Q

liver purposes

A

secretes bile, stores macromolecules, synthesizes lipoproteins and plasma proteins, detoxifies, destroys old red blood cells, hematopoesis in embryos

44
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

have large holes for nutrients to pass thru

45
Q

pancreas in fish

A

have inclusions of tissue that does pancreas things (teleosts, lampreys)

46
Q

pancreas composition

A

exocrine secretion- makes 15 proenzymes which are activated in duodenum, has centroacinar cells to produce bicarbonate, and endocrine islets of langerhans (1%) - make insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptides and more for bloodstream

47
Q

where did teeth appear

A

with jaws, after jawless fishes (have keratinized toothlike things)

48
Q

dental formula function

A

certain number of teeth are specialized for certain tasks

Anatomy (16 decks)

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