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Anatomy > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

neurulation

A

neural plate forms from mesoderm above notocord upon signal from notocord, plate folds (edges meet up at top to form neural tube), region where ends meet becomes neural crest. ectoderm reforms over tube, zips up anterior to posterior

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2
Q

CNS devo origin

A

neural plate (from ectoderm) as neural tube

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3
Q

PNS origin

A

neural crest cells

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4
Q

forebrain name/parts

A

is called prosencephalon. parts = telencephalon (olfactory, memories, cerebrum), diencephalon (vision, pineal gland, thamalus, hypothalamus)

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5
Q

midbrain aka

A

called mesencephalon. visual center/relays messages

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6
Q

hindbrain names/ parts

A

rhombencephalon, made of metencephalon (coordinates muscles, connects cerebrum and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (involuntary activities)

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7
Q

MHB

A

midbrain-hindbrain boundary (isthmus), sends patterning signals for what becomes which part of brain. uses protein FgF-8 expressed at the hindbrain side.

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8
Q

flexures

A

where embryo bends so brain has room to grow. mesencephalic, cervical, and pontine (in hindbrain)

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9
Q

organizers

A

sources of signals that pattern development

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10
Q

flow of info spinal cord

A

enters dorsal (sensory neurons) thru interneurons in middle/to brain and back, and out the ventral (motor neurons)

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11
Q

floor plate devo

A

notochord shows where ventral side is so floor plate and directionality of neurons can develop (uses shh, amount of shh cells are exposed to determines their fate. antagonistic BMP is produced from the dorsal side in opposing gradient)

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12
Q

commissural neurons

A

their axons cross L/R midline of body or go anterior/posterior. grow ventrally from roof plate and cross sides and grow anterior when they hit shh gradient

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13
Q

tip of axon

A

sensory structures: filapodia (f-actin projections to feel around) with lamellopodia (webbing made of dense actin mesh)

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14
Q

PNS elements

A

dorsal root ganglia, sensory and motor NS, sympathetic ganglia, enteric ganglia, adrenal medulla (on kidneys), melanophores

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15
Q

motor nerves

A

conduct response (efferent), multipolar axons

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16
Q

cells in NS (general)

A

glia and neurons (50/50)

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17
Q

axon composition

A

cytoplasmic process with cytoskeleton and ion channels, AP goes 1 direction down it

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18
Q

axon branch types

A

bipolar (2 axon), pseudounipolar (branch right after cell body and can go 2 opposite directions), multipolar (lots of dendrites- most of the motor and interneurons)

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19
Q

sensory axons

A

are bipolar or pseudounipolar so cell body can stay far enough from skin surface to remain undamaged, get info about stretch, temp, light

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20
Q

nerve layers

A

bundle of axons surrounded by endoneurium, group of those nerves surrounded by perineurium to form fascicles, group of fascicles surrounded by epineurium with blood vessels etc

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21
Q

ganglion

A

group of cell bodies in PNS

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22
Q

white matter

A

axons insulated by glia

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23
Q

gray matter

A

cell bodies

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24
Q

pallium

A

outer layer of brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

CNS neurons

A

1000s of dendrites, 1 body, 1 axon

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26
Q

efferent NS paths..

A

to effectors. can be somatic (voluntary), or sympathetic (fight/flight) or parasympathetic (rest/digest) to smooth muscle, glands, heart, fat

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27
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS insulating cells

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28
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

gaps btwn schwann cells to conduct AP

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29
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin sheath cells in CNS

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30
Q

astrocytes

A

cells only in CNS which regulate ion and electrical balance, axon guidance, support synapses, regulate blood-brain barrier. only in amniotes

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31
Q

radial glia

A

serve as astrocytes in basal verts, allow regeneration of CNS to some extent. in higher verts these differentiate into glia at maturity

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32
Q

ependymal cells

A

line central canal of spinal cord and the ventricles of brain. used to regulate CSF and ECF movement, and molecules moving in and out of CNS

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33
Q

choroid plexus

A

bundle of ependymal cells in brain ventricle

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34
Q

microglia

A

brain’s immune macrophages (overactivity leads to neurodegeneration)

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35
Q

brain repairs

A

rare, we have stem cells in hippocampus (learning/memory) and subventricular zone (olfactory) maybe to repair things. radial glia throughout brain in lower verts.

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36
Q

only glial cell in PNS

A

schwann cells

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37
Q

spinal cord organization

A

dorsal has afferent/sensory, ventral has motor/efferent, interneurons in the middle

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38
Q

visceral nerves

A

involuntary actions

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39
Q

nerve types

A

visceral and somatic, sensory and motor. from visceral, there are sympathetic and parasympathetic

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40
Q

parasympathetic response

A

rest and digest

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41
Q

sympathetic response

A

fight or flight

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42
Q

somatic nerves

A

conscious actions

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43
Q

meninges layers..

A

surround spinal cord and brain. inner thin connective tissue = pia mater, vascular arachnoid, tough dura mater.

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44
Q

structures that exit the spinal cord

A

sensory root and horn (dorsal), motor root and horn (ventral), dorsal root ganglion (sensory cell bodies)

45
Q

cauda equine

A

nerves at base of spinal cord branch off like horses tail

46
Q

bulges of the spinal cord

A

cervical (C3-T1) and lumbar (L1-S3)

47
Q

reflex arc

A

excitatory and inhibitory neurons send signal to spinal cord, reaction happens. no brain involved

48
Q

strychnine..

A

blocks inhibitory interneurons

49
Q

intersegmental reflexes

A

use interneurons with signals traveling in ascending and descending pathways so conscious thought not necessary for complex movements ie walking

50
Q

lamprey spinal cord

A

thin, avascular, no myelin (just gray matter) with ventral cell bodies and dendrites spread around to connect synapses with sensory and interneurons around. muller cell bodies also ventral, synapse from hindbrain to motor neurons for escape reaction. hagfish don’t have that

51
Q

c-start response

A

mauthner neurons in fish allow them to leave reeeeaaally quick. head turns in a direction opposite to stimulus (10-20ms) and they leave (20-30 ms)

52
Q

spinal nerves connections evo

A

were separately moving into muscles ancestrally, now fuse after spinal cord with efferent and afferent nerves still differentiated

53
Q

amphibian spinal cord

A

have the ventral divit. fused nerves, large vascular cord with complex NS. gray matter in middle, connects dendrites. have more white matter and more ascending and descending tracts

54
Q

amniotes spinal cord

A

synapses in gray matter, ascending and descending fibers. more white matter > more brain control. separate sensory and motor neurons

55
Q

spinal nerve evolution

A

in lower verts, there was one for each segment/muscle block. then as we got more muscles one was for multiple muscles and spinal nerves were named for vertebrae.

56
Q

nerves supplying the limbs (from spinal cord)

A

cervical and lumbar plexus (the enlargements in those areas to provide more nerve connections)

57
Q

multipolar neurons

A

many dendrites, one axon (receive lots of info)

58
Q

innervations of muscles..

A

based on embryonic segments aka dermatomes

59
Q

CN 1

A

olfactory (sensory)

60
Q

CN 2

A

optic (sensory)

61
Q

CN 3

A

occulomotor (motor) all eye muscles but 2, eyelids, pupil reflex

62
Q

CN 4

A

trochlear (motor) superior oblique. exits dorsally from brainstem

63
Q

CN 5

A

trigeminal (both) jaw closing, chewing, face. receptors play a role in flavor detection. semilunar ganglion. for sensory. FIRST branchial arch.

64
Q

CN 6

A

abducens (motor) lateral rectus.

65
Q

CN 7

A

facial (both) sensory for taste via geniculate ganglion, jaw opening and facial expression. second branchial arch

66
Q

CN 8

A

vestibulocochlear (sensory) balance, hearing. auditory ganglion

67
Q

CN 9

A

glossopharyngeal (both) swallowing and gills. sensory for the back of tongue and pharynx via petrosal ganglion. third branchial arch

68
Q

CN 10

A

vagus (both) visceral/gut muscles. last 4 branchial arches. includes hearing, swallowing, heartbeat, and swallowing and coughing sensory via jugular and nodose ganglia.

69
Q

CN 11

A

accessory (motor) head turning via trapezius and sternocleidomastoid. swallowing, vocalizations.

70
Q

CN 12

A

hypoglossal (motor) tongue muscles

71
Q

CN 0

A

terminal (sensory) connected to jacobsons organ, detects non volatile hormones and the nerve cues release of luteinizing hormone and GnRH in response. first found in sharks

72
Q

extra cranial nerves

A

11 and 12 exclusive to amniotes, there is one between 6 and 7 and one between 9 and 10 during development in anamniotes and they go on to form the lateral line.

73
Q

lateral line formation

A

6 placodes form 3 spots (2 placodes on each, one for each side of body) form supraorbital line on head, otic vesicle in middle, trunk lateral line.

74
Q

vomer-olfaction

A

accessory olfactory system detects specific pheromones (vomeronasal/jacobsons)

75
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

5-6 mil odor receptors in humans, 300 mil in dogs. salmon use odor cues to find birth river and turtles too

76
Q

cupula

A

structure in the pores in lateral line system used to detect position by changes in fluid using associated hairs

77
Q

cnidarians and sponges are..

A

nerve nets

78
Q

rhombomeres

A

transient sections of hindbrain during devo that correspond to streams to neural crest, these leave into the body.

79
Q

amphioxus brain

A

no brains but some genes up there that become some chordate brains. most similar as larva

80
Q

segments within brain sections

A

forebrain - olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, thalamus. midbrain - optic tectum, tegmentum. hindbrain - pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

81
Q

tegmentum

A

roof of midbrain, motion and pain detection

82
Q

neurogenesis

A

new neurons and connections, drives complexity

83
Q

6 layers of the brain

A

debunked thing with reptile brain and additive evolution etc

84
Q

differences in brains..

A

usually developmental between species, setup starts off one way and continues down that path.

85
Q

actinopterygian telencephalon

A

everts. weird inside out thing.

86
Q

dorsal telencephalon forms..

A

pallium. there is medial, dorsal, and lateral.

87
Q

sulci and gyri

A

gyri - bulgy parts, sulci - grooves btwn

88
Q

subpallium

A

part of telen that is under pallium, coordinates movement using signals from ganglia and nerves

89
Q

neocortex

A

6 brain layers in forebrain with diff cell types (diversified from 3). uses thalamus to receive ascending sensory info

90
Q

cortical columns

A

vertical cell columns spanning the cortex, unknown function

91
Q

striatum

A

ganglia under pallium etc, used for decision making, shrinks as pallium inc over lineages

92
Q

hippocampus formation

A

evolutionarily after pallium covers midbrain

93
Q

more neuronal connections means

A

more complex behaviors

94
Q

more receptors in brain means

A

larger sensory field

95
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

96
Q

nucleus

A

a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

97
Q

interneurons

A

can be inhibitory to block actions that conflict with intended actions or excitatory to promote intended action. both are needed.

98
Q

cranial nerves that innervate branchial arches

A

CN5 (trigeminal)- 1st arch, CN7 (facial)- 2nd arch, CN9 (glossopharyngeal)- 3rd arch, Cn10 (vagus)- 4-6th arches

99
Q

cephalization and centralization go with..

A

increased interactions with environment esp. predation.

100
Q

neurogenesis drives..

A

differences in forebrain development

101
Q

lateral ventricles

A

inside of telencephalon

102
Q

pyriform cortex

A

used for olfaction

103
Q

hippocampus location

A

just below pallium

104
Q

lateral pallium function

A

olfactory integration and responses to olfactory stimuli

105
Q

barrier btwn PNS and CNS at spinal cord

A

where the dorsal root ganglia enters the spinal cord

106
Q

white matter tracts in spinal cord

A

nerves grouped and go down dorsal, lateral, or ventral funiculi

107
Q

root vs horn

A

roots exit the spinal cord with nerves, horns up/down are within the cord.

108
Q

CNs with associated ganglia

A

5 - semilunar, 7- geniculate, 9- petrosal, 10 - jugular and nodose

Anatomy (16 decks)

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